Elastic antimicrobial film and socket made therefrom

ABSTRACT

There is provided a controlled-release antibiotic socket for securely holding an implantable medical device that is made from: at least one film having at least one polymer layer, where the at least one film is formed into the socket; at least one antibiotic agent; and at least one opening in the socket, where the at least one polymer layer comprises a biodegradable elastomeric polymeric material; and the at least one antibiotic agent is dispersed within at least one of the at least one polymer layers and/or, when the film comprises at least two polymer layers, the at least one antibiotic agent is disposed as a separate layer between two polymer layers. Also disclosed is the film used to make the socket and uses of both the socket and film.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to an antibiotic article that prevents infection associated with the implantation of medical devices.

BACKGROUND

Over the past decade, the usage of cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) has expanded dramatically, driven mostly by the increase in defibrillator therapy. Since the introduction of CIEDs, there have been numerous cases of complications, like generator migration, lead displacement and Twindler's syndrome, which are all related to the migration or displacement of the implant which leads to further intervention being necessary. A pouch to contain the CIED has been developed with the aim to create a stable environment when implanted in the body. A typical pouch used for this role is sealed at three sides and has a single opening for placing the device into said pouch.

Moreover, with the increased rate at which CIEDs are being implanted, there has been an associated increase in the number of CIED infections (Voigt et al. PACE. 2010; 33(4):414-419). Inpatient mortality associated with a CIED infection ranges from 8.4% to 11.6% (Tarakji et. al. Heart Rhythm. 2010; 7(8):1043-1047). The average cost to treat a CIED infection is very expensive, around US$146,000. However, since 2013 in US, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) have ceased to reimburse hospitals for the costs associated with treating infections acquired as a result of the surgical implantation of a medical device, such as a CIED, (http://www.cms.gov/newsroom/mediareleasedatabase/fact-sheets/2013-fact-sheets-items/2013-08-02-3.html). Therefore, there is a significant economic impact on both the patient and the hospital in treating a hospital-acquired CIED infection. An antimicrobial article that can be attached to, or wraps around the surface of, an implantable medical device may help to reduce, prevent, or mitigate infection by eluting antimicrobial agents over time into the surrounding environment of the medical device.

A number of antimicrobial articles disclosed in International patent application publication Nos. WO 2008/127411, WO 2008/136856, WO 2009/113972, WO 2012/064963 and WO 2013/013123, have sought to address the issues associated with CIED migration and infections caused by its implantation. This Absorbable Antibacterial Envelope, developed by TYRX, Inc. (a medical device company acquired by Medtronic), is a fully absorbable sterile prosthesis designed to hold a pacemaker pulse generator or defibrillator to help create a stable environment when implanted in the body. The TYRX Absorbable Antibacterial Envelope is a mesh with large pores that is knitted from absorbable filaments (a polymer made of glycolide, caprolactone, and trimethylene carbonate) and is coated with an absorbable polyarylate polymer. The absorbable polymer coating contains two antimicrobial agents: minocycline and rifampicin.

While this system, and others like it have been proven effective for their intended use, these devices present new challenges and problems. Firstly, the envelope/pouch used in said devices has an opening that is usually bigger than the CIED to be inserted, which results in the potential risk of the CIED falling out. Moreover, these devices are designed to cater to numerous sizes of CIED, which increases the risk of smaller CIEDs falling out due to the relative rigidity and inelasticity of the material. Hence, there is a need for a new and improved design and structure that can securely hold CIEDs of various sizes.

Moreover, while the articles above go some way to dealing with infections, there are issues with the use of these antimicrobial articles. For example, the articles described above often coat both agents together on the surface, or impregnate both agents within a material, and cannot control the release of both agents together, especially when both agents have differing hydrophilicity values, as is the case with Rifampin and Minocycline. In situations where it is advisable to use more than one antimicrobial agent, it is important to control the release of both agents so that they provide the required concentration of active agent over the required period of time. Further, antimicrobial agents coated on the surface tend to be released easily, and thus there is minimal control on the rate of release of the antimicrobial agent over an extended period of time. Therefore, there is a need for an improved antibiotic article.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

In the present invention, there is provided a soft and elastic biodegradable controlled-release antibiotic socket (e.g. a sleeve or band) which is designed to be able to securely hold different sizes of CIEDs. As such a socket (i.e. a sleeve, band or pocket) is constructed of an elastic material with at least one opening, in which the device and therefore all of the openings are smaller than the object to be inserted. The socket and its openings can be stretched to a size larger than the object to be inserted to enable ease of insertion of said device. Once said device has been inserted, the socket, which is made of an elastomeric polymeric material, is allowed to recover towards its original size, thereby holding the device inserted thereto securely. The elastic biodegradable controlled-release antibiotic socket is intended to hold a cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) securely in order to provide a stable environment when implanted in the body; and reduce, prevent, or mitigate infection by releasing at least one antimicrobial agent during and/or after implantation in a controlled manner. The drug release is controlled by the choice of polymer, the addition of layers, tuning of the thickness of various layers, and the use of releasing agents.

Thus, in a first aspect of the invention, there is provided controlled-release antibiotic socket for securely holding an implantable medical device, comprising:

at least one film made from at least one polymer layer, where the at least one film is formed into the socket; at least one antibiotic agent; and at least one opening in the socket, wherein

-   -   the at least one polymer layer comprises a biodegradable         elastomeric polymeric material; and         the at least one antibiotic agent is dispersed within at least         one of the at least one polymer layers and/or, when the film         comprises at least two polymer layers, the at least one         antibiotic agent is disposed as a separate layer between two         polymer layers.

It will be appreciated that in embodiments of the socket, the socket may be in the form of a pocket with at least one opening or a sleeve/band with at least two openings. It will be further appreciated that for the socket to securely hold an implantable medical device, the socket made from the elastomeric material is smaller than the medical device to be inserted into it. This may result in the socket securely holding the medical device (e.g. a CIED device) by a resilient holding force generated from the elastomeric polymeric material that makes up the film.

In a second aspect of the invention there is provided a controlled-release antibiotic film made from at least one polymer layer for securely holding an implantable medical device, the film comprising at least one polymer layer that is made from a biodegradable elastomeric polymeric material; and at least one antibiotic agent is dispersed within at least one of the at least one polymer layers and/or, when the film comprises at least two polymer layers, the at least one antibiotic agent is disposed as a separate layer between two polymer layers.

The socket (and hence the openings) are stretchable to at least 1.1 times (e.g. from 1.2 times to 10 times) to allow for insertion of the CIED into the socket, and can recover to more than 80% to securely hold the CIED within the socket and prevent fall off. A construction of the article that may be mentioned herein comprises at least one film, which itself comprises at least one polymer layer and at least one antimicrobial agent; and at least one opening and numerous holes on the surface.

In certain embodiments of the socket and/or film of the invention:

-   -   (a) the film may have at least two polymer layers. For example,         the film may have from two to ten polymer layers (e.g. from two         to nine polymer layers, such as from three to seven polymer         layers);     -   (b) the film applies a resilient force onto an object inserted         into the socket;     -   (c) the socket or film can resiliently engage (or resiliently         hold) a device after stretching or can stretch from its original         size to an expanded size and return to its original size or to a         size no greater than the expanded size minus (80% of the         difference between expanded size and original size), optionally         wherein the socket or film can stretch from its original size to         an expanded size and return to its original size or to a size no         greater than the expanded size minus (90% of the difference         between expanded size and original size);     -   (d) the bioresorbable polymer of the at least one polymer layer         may be selected from one or more of the group consisting of         poly(DL-lactide-co-caprolactone) (DL-PLCL), or more         particularly, polycaprolactone (PCL), polyglycolide (PGA),         poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA), poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC),         polydioxanone (PDO), poly(4-hydroxy butyrate) (PHB),         polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), poly(phosphazene), poly(phosphate         ester), poly(amino acid), polydepsipeptides, poly(butylene         succinate) (PBS), polyethylene oxide, polypropylene fumarate,         polyiminocarbonates, poly(lactide-co-caprolactone) (PLCL),         poly(glycolide-co-caprolactone) (PGCL) copolymer,         poly(D,L-lactic acid), polyglycolic acid,         poly(L-lactide-co-D,L-lactide), poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide),         poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide), poly(gycolide-trimethylene         carbonate), poly(glycolide-co-carolactone) (PGCL), poly(ethyl         glutamate-co-glutamic acid), poly(tert-butyloxy-carbonylmethyl         glutamate), poly(glycerol sebacate), tyrosine-derived         polycarbonate, poly 1,3-bis-(p-carboxyphenoxy) hexane-co-sebacic         acid, polyphosphazene, ethyl glycinate polyphosphazene,         polycaprolactone co-butylacrylate, a copolymer of         polyhydroxybutyrate, a copolymer of maleic anhydride, a         copolymer of poly(trimethylene carbonate), polyethylene glycol         (PEG), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and cellulose derivatives,         polysaccharides (such as hyaluronic acid, chitosan and starch),         proteins (such as gelatin and collagen) or PEG derivatives and         copolymers thereof (e.g. the bioresorbable polymer of the at         least one polymer layer may be selected from one or more of the         group consisting of poly(DL-lactide-co-caprolactone) (DL-PLCL),         or more particularly, polycaprolactone (PCL), polyglycolide         (PGA), poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA), polydioxanone (PDO),         poly(4-hydroxy butyrate) (PHB), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), PEG         and its derivatives, and their copolymers (such as selected from         one or more of the group consisting of         poly(DL-lactide-co-caprolactone) (DL-PLCL), or more         particularly, poly(lactide-co-caprolactone) (PLCL),         poly(glycolide-co-caprolactone) (PGCL) copolymer, or more         preferably, polycaprolactone (PCL), polyglycolide (PGA),         poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA), PEG and its derivatives and their         copolymers. Particular polymers that may be mentioned include         polycaprolactone (PCL), poly(DL-lactide-co-caprolactone)         (DL-PLCL), poly(glycolide-co-caprolactone) (PGCL),         poly(lactide-co-caprolactone) (PLCL) and its derivatives and         their copolymers));     -   (e) the bioresorbable polymer of the at least one polymer layer         may be selected from one or more of the group consisting of         poly(ester-urethane)s, poly(diol citrates), and         poly(4-hydroxybutyrate)s, poly(glycerol sebacate), and         star-poly(E-caprolactone-co-D,L-lactide),         poly(lactide-co-caprolactone) (PLCL),         poly(DL-lactide-co-caprolactone) (DL-PLCL),         poly(glycolide-co-caprolactone) (PGCL) and other biodegradable         elastomer prepared through synthesis of di-, tri-, or         multi-polymers, architecturally arranged in block, star, or         linear structures, and prepared as thermoplastics or thermosets,         their co-polymers, and mixtures or blends (e.g. PLCL, DL-PLCL         and PGCL, its copolymers, and mixtures or blends, such as PLCL,         its copolymers, and mixtures or blends);     -   (f) at least one of the at least one polymer layers may further         comprise a releasing agent that is composed of one or more         biocompatible hydrophilic small molecules with a         hydrophobic-lipophilic balance of greater than 6 (e.g. the         releasing agent is selected from one or more of the group         consisting of sorbitol, xylitol, glycerin, mannitol,         polyethylene glycol (PEG) having a number average molecular         weight of from 200 to 2000, polysorbate and urea (e.g. selected         from one or more of polysorbate 40, or more particularly,         polysorbate 20, polysorbate 60 and polysorbate 80));     -   (g) the bioresorbable elastomeric polymeric material of one of         the at least one polymer layers may be         poly(lactide-co-caprolactone) (PLCL) (e.g. having a PLA to PCL         ratio of from 90:10 to 60:40) or its derivatives and copolymers         thereof, and/or the bioresorbable elastomeric polymeric material         of one of the at least one polymer layers is         poly(DL-lactide-co-caprolactone) (DL-PLCL) (e.g. having a DL-PLA         to PCL ratio of from 90:10 to 50:50) or its derivatives and         copolymers thereof, and/or the bioresorbable elastomeric         polymeric material of one of the at least one polymer layers is         poly(glycolide-co-caprolactone) (PGCL) (e.g. having a PGA to PCL         ratio of from 90:10 to 10:90) or its derivatives and copolymers         thereof, or, more particularly, the bioresorbable elastomeric         polymeric material of one of the at least one polymer layers may         be a blend of PCL and PLA (e.g. a ratio blend of PCL and PLA         having a wt:wt ratio of 1:9 to 9:1);     -   (h) the bioresorbable elastomeric polymeric material of one of         the at least one polymer layers may be a blend of DL-PLCL or         PGCL or, more particularly, PLCL with a releasing agent selected         from one or more of the group selected from polysorbate 20,         polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, or polyethyleneglycol having a         molecular weight of 200 to 2000 Daltons in a wt:wt ratio of PLCL         to releasing agent of from 25:1 to 1:9;     -   (i) the bioresorbable polymer of one of the at least one polymer         layers may be PCL or PLA;     -   (j) the bioresorbable polymer of one of the at least one polymer         layers may be a copolymer of poly(D,L-lactide/glycolide), such         as PLGA (e.g. having a PLA to PGA ratio of from 1:9 to 9:1);     -   (k) the number average molecular weight of the polymer may be         greater than or equal to 5,000 Daltons (e.g. from 5,000 to         500,000 Daltons or between 5,000 Daltons and 500,000 Daltons);     -   (l) the at least one antibiotic agent may be miscible with the         bioresorbable polymer of each polymer layer in which it is         present;     -   (m) in at least one layer of the polymer film, the at least one         antibiotic agent may be homogeneously distributed within at         least one of the polymer layers in which it is present (e.g.         when the at least one antibiotic agent is distributed within a         polymer layer, it is homogeneously distributed within said         polymer layer);     -   (n) when the film has at least two polymer layers, the at least         one antibiotic agent is distributed within at least two of the         polymer layers;     -   (o) when the film has at least two polymer layers, the at least         one antibiotic agent forms a separate layer sandwiched between         the two polymer layers;     -   (p) when the film has at least two polymer layers and the at         least one antibiotic agent is present as at least three         antibiotic layers, the antibiotic layers are sandwiched between         the polymer layers and a first antibiotic agent layer is         sandwiched between two layers of a second antibiotic agent or         between a layer of a second antibiotic agent and layer of a         third antibiotic agent;     -   (q) when the film has at least two polymer layers and the at         least one antibiotic agent is present as at least two antibiotic         layers, the antibiotic layers are sandwiched between the polymer         layers and a first antibiotic agent layer is sandwiched between         a polymer layer and a second antibiotic layer;     -   (r) in at least one layer of the polymer film, the at least one         antibiotic agent may be present in an amount of 0.1 wt to 99 wt         %, such as from 0.1 wt % to 95 wt % of said polymer layer (e.g.         from 0.1 wt % to 90 wt % or from 0.1 wt % to 80 wt %, such as         from 0.1 wt % to 60 wt %), for example, in at least one layer of         the polymer film, the at least one antibiotic agent may be         present in an amount of from 0.1 wt % to 30 wt % (e.g. from 1 wt         % to 25 wt %) of said polymer layer, optionally wherein said         polymer layer is solvent cast and/or in the at least one layer         of the polymer film, the at least one antibiotic agent may be         present in an amount of from 10 wt % to 95 wt % (e.g. from 10 wt         % to 60 wt %, or from 30 wt % to 95 wt %, such as from 40 wt %         to 80 wt %) of said polymer layer, optionally wherein said         polymer layer was spray coated onto a substrate;     -   (s) the film may further comprise holes, for example the         diameter of each of the holes may be from 0.1 mm to 5 mm (e.g.         from 0.3 mm to 2 mm or, more particularly, from 0.3 mm to 1 mm)         or from 0.5 mm to 15 mm (e.g. from 1 mm to 20 mm), optionally:         -   (i) the shape of the holes may not be uniform or the holes             may be circular; and/or         -   (ii) the size of the holes may not be uniform; and/or         -   (iii) the holes on the socket constructed from the film may             be evenly distributed throughout the film, or focused in the             middle of the film (to avoid seals), or nearer to the seals;     -   (t) the total thickness of the film may be from 1 μm to 2000 μm         (e.g. from 10 μm to 500 μm, such as from 40 μm to 300 μm).     -   (u) the thickness of each layer of the polymer film may be from         0.01 μm to 1000 μm (e.g. from 0.01 μm to 200 μm);     -   (v) the at least one antibiotic agent may be an antiseptic, a         disinfectant, or, more particularly, an antimicrobial agent or         an antifungal agent (e.g. the antimicrobial agent may be         selected from one or more of the group consisting of         tetracycline and its derivatives (such as minocycline,         tigecycline and doxycycline), rifampin, triclosan,         chlorhexidine, penicillins, aminoglycides, quinolones,         vancomycin, gentamycine, a cephalosporin (e.g. cephalosporin),         carbapenems, imipenem, ertapenem, an antimicrobial peptide,         cecropin-mellitin, magainin, dermaseptin, cathelicidin,         α-defensins, α-protegrins and pharmaceutically acceptable salts         thereof (e.g. a combination of rifampin and another         antimicrobial agent, such as a combination of rifampin and a         tetracycline derivative), the antimicrobial agent may be a         combination of rifampin and one or more of the group selected         from minocycline, doxycycline, and tigecycline (e.g. rifampin         and doxycycline, rifampin and tigecycline or, more particularly,         rifampin and minocycline, such as a combination of rifampin         and/or minocycline, for example, a combination of rifampin and         minocycline, the ratio of rifampin to minocycline is from 1:10         to 10:1 (wt/wt) (e.g. from 2:5 to 5:2 (wt/wt)), the antifungal         agent may be selected from one or more of the group consisting         of azoles (such as ketoconazole, clotrimazole, miconazole,         econazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, bifoconazole, terconazole,         butaconazole, tioconazole, oxiconazole, sulconazole,         saperconazole, clotrimazole, voriconazole, clotrimazole),         allylamines (such as terbinafine), morpholines (such as         amorolfine and naftifine), griseofulvin, haloprogin, butenafine,         tolnaftate, nystatin, cyclohexamide, ciclopirox, flucytosine,         terbinafin, amphotericin B and pharmaceutically acceptable salts         thereof.     -   (w) the at least one antibiotic agent may be released from the         antibiotic film over a period of from 1 to 30 days following         implantation, for example the at least one antibiotic agent may         be released from the antibiotic film over a period of from 3 to         14 days following implantation;         -   (ii) more than 10 wt. % of the at least one antibiotic agent             may be released within 24 h of implantation, and the             remainder of the at least one antibiotic agent is released             from the antibiotic film over a period of from 3 to 14 days             following implantation.     -   (x) the film may have a single polymer layer and contains at         least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is         minocycline and/or rifampicin);     -   (y) the film may have three polymer layers, with the middle         layer containing at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one         antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin);     -   (z) the film may have three polymer layers, with the middle         layer containing at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one         antibiotic is minocycline or rifampicin) and the outer layers         containing a further antibiotic (e.g. the further antibiotic is         minocycline or rifampicin, provided that when the at least one         antibiotic of the middle layer is minocycline, the further         antibiotic of the outer layers is rifampicin and vice versa).     -   (aa) the film may have five polymer layers, with the middle         layer containing at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one         antibiotic is minocycline or rifampicin) and the layers         immediately on top and bottom of the middle layer containing a         further antibiotic (e.g. the further antibiotic is minocycline         or rifampicin, provided that when the at least one antibiotic of         the middle layer is minocycline, the further antibiotic of the         outer layers is rifampicin and vice versa);     -   (bb) the film may have five polymer layers, where the layers         immediately on top and bottom of the middle layer contain an         antibiotic (e.g. the antibiotic is minocycline and/or         rifampicin;     -   (cc) the film may have four polymer layers, with the middle two         layers containing at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one         antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin);     -   (dd) the film may have two polymer layers, with the two layers         each containing at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one         antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin);     -   (ee) the amount of the at least one antibiotic compared to the         total weight of the film may be from 0.001 wt % to 30 wt %, or         more particularly 0.001 wt % to 20 wt %, such as 0.001 wt % to         20 wt % (e.g. from 0.01 wt % to 5 wt %, or from 0.5 wt % to 5 wt         %);     -   (ff) the film has two outer layers and the outer layers may have         a rough and non-smooth surface.

In embodiments of the film and/or socket that may be mentioned herein:

-   -   (i) the film is a single polymer layer that contains at least         one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline         and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein; or     -   (ii) the film is a single polymer layer that comprises a         polymeric material and a releasing agent that contains at least         one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline         and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein; or     -   (iii) the film has three polymer layers, such that there is a         top, middle and bottom layer, where the middle layer consists         only of polymeric material, and the top and bottom layers each         contain at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one         antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein;         or     -   (iv) the film has three polymer layers, such that there is a         top, middle and bottom layer, where the middle layer consists         only of polymeric material, and the top and bottom polymer         layers each comprise a polymeric material and a releasing agent         that further contains at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least         one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed         therein; or     -   (v) the film has five layers, such that there is a top,         top-intermediate, middle, bottom-intermediate and bottom layer,         where the middle layer consists only of polymeric material, the         top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate layers contain at least         one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline         and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, and the top and bottom         polymer layers contain at least one further antibiotic (e.g. the         at least one further antibiotic is minocycline and/or         rifampicin) dispersed therein, optionally wherein, when the         top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate layers contain         rifampicin and the top and bottom layers contain minocycline         dispersed therein or vice versa; or     -   (vi) the film has five layers, comprising a central polymer         layer, and two outer polymers layers that contain at least one         antibiotic dispersed therein (e.g. the at least one antibiotic         is minocycline and/or rifampicin), with an antibiotic layer         (e.g. the antibiotic layers comprise minocycline and/or         rifampicin) sandwiched between the central layer and each of the         outer polymer layers; or     -   (vii) the film has five layers, such that there is a top,         top-intermediate, middle, bottom-intermediate and bottom layer,         where the middle layer consists only of polymeric material, the         top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate polymer layers each         comprise a polymeric material and a releasing agent that further         contains at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one         antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein,         and the top and bottom polymer layers each comprise a polymeric         material and a releasing agent that contains at least one         further antibiotic (e.g. the at least one further antibiotic is         minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, optionally         wherein, when the top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate         polymer layers contain rifampicin and the top and bottom polymer         layers contain minocycline dispersed therein or vice versa; or     -   (viii) the film has seven layers, such that there is a top,         top-intermediate, top-middle-intermediate, middle,         bottom-middle-intermediate, bottom-intermediate and bottom         polymer layer, where the middle layer consists only of polymeric         material, the top-middle-intermediate and         bottom-middle-intermediate polymer layers each comprise a         polymeric material that contains at least one antibiotic (e.g.         the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin)         dispersed therein, the top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate         polymer layers each comprise a polymeric material and a         releasing agent, and the top and bottom polymer layers each         further contain at least one further antibiotic (e.g. the at         least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed         therein, optionally wherein, when the top-middle-intermediate         and bottom-middle-intermediate polymer layers contain         rifampicin, the top and bottom polymer layers contain         minocycline dispersed therein or vice versa; or

(ix) the film has seven layers, such that there is a top, top-intermediate, top-middle-intermediate, middle, bottom-middle-intermediate, bottom-intermediate and bottom polymer layer, where the middle layer consists only of polymeric material, the top-middle-intermediate and bottom-middle-intermediate layers consist of at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin), the top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate layers comprise a polymeric material and a releasing agent, and the top and bottom layers each comprise a polymeric material and at least one further antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, optionally wherein, when the top-middle-intermediate and bottom-middle-intermediate polymer layers contain rifampicin, the top and bottom polymer layers contain minocycline dispersed therein or vice versa; or

-   -   (x) the film has seven layers, such that there is a top,         top-intermediate, top-middle-intermediate, middle,         bottom-middle-intermediate, bottom-intermediate and bottom         polymer layer, where the middle layer consists only of polymeric         material, the top-middle-intermediate and         bottom-middle-intermediate polymer layers each comprise a         polymeric material that contains at least one antibiotic (e.g.         the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin)         dispersed therein, the top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate         polymer layers each comprise a polymeric material and a         releasing agent, and the top and bottom polymer layers each         comprise a polymeric material and a releasing agent and each         further contain at least one further antibiotic (e.g. the at         least one further antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin)         dispersed therein, optionally wherein, when the         top-middle-intermediate and bottom-middle-intermediate polymer         layers contain rifampicin, the top and bottom polymer layers         contain minocycline dispersed therein or vice versa; or     -   (xi) the film has seven layers, such that there is a top,         top-intermediate, top-middle-intermediate, middle,         bottom-middle-intermediate, bottom-intermediate and bottom         polymer layer, where the middle, top-intermediate and         bottom-intermediate polymer layers consists only of polymeric         material, the top-middle-intermediate and         bottom-middle-intermediate polymer layers each comprise a         polymeric material that contains at least one antibiotic (e.g.         the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin)         dispersed therein, and the top and bottom polymer layers each         contain at least one further antibiotic (e.g. the at least one         further antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed         therein, optionally wherein, when the top-middle-intermediate         and bottom-middle-intermediate polymer layers contain         rifampicin, the top and bottom polymer layers contain         minocycline dispersed therein or vice versa; or     -   (xii) the film has seven layers, with the middle layer being a         biodegradable elastic polymer layer, the layers immediately on         top and bottom of the middle layer containing at least one         antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline         and/or rifampicin), the layers on top of the antibiotic layers         are polymer layers, and the outer layers are each comprise a         polymeric material and a further antibiotic (e.g. the further         antibiotic is minocycline or rifampicin, provided that when the         at least one antibiotic of the intermediate layer is         minocycline, the further antibiotic of the outer layers is         rifampicin and vice versa); or     -   (xiii) the film has seven layers, such that there is a top,         top-intermediate, top-middle-intermediate, middle,         bottom-middle-intermediate, bottom-intermediate and bottom         polymer layer, where the middle, top-intermediate and         bottom-intermediate polymer layers consists only of polymeric         material, the top-middle-intermediate and         bottom-middle-intermediate polymer layers each comprise a         polymeric material that contains at least one antibiotic (e.g.         the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin)         dispersed therein, and the top and bottom polymer layers each         comprise a polymeric material and a releasing agent and each         contain at least one further antibiotic (e.g. the at least one         further antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed         therein, optionally wherein, when the top-middle-intermediate         and bottom-middle-intermediate polymer layers contain         rifampicin, the top and bottom polymer layers contain         minocycline dispersed therein or vice versa; or     -   (xiv) the film has three polymer layers, where the middle         polymer layer contains at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at         least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed         therein; or     -   (xv) the film has three polymer layers, where the middle polymer         layer contains at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one         antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein,         and the top and bottom layers contain at least one further         antibiotic (e.g. the at least one further antibiotic is         minocycline or rifampicin; optionally wherein, when the at least         one antibiotic of the middle layer is minocycline, the at least         one further antibiotic of the outer layers is rifampicin and         vice versa) dispersed therein; or     -   (xvi) the film has three polymer layers, where the middle         polymer layer comprises a polymeric material and a releasing         agent that contains at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least         one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed         therein, and the top and bottom layers each comprise a polymeric         material and a releasing agent that contains at least one         further antibiotic dispersed therein (e.g. the at least one         further antibiotic is minocycline or rifampicin; optionally         wherein, when the at least one antibiotic of the middle layer is         minocycline, the at least one further antibiotic of the outer         layers is rifampicin and vice versa); or     -   (xvii) the film has five polymer layers, such that there is a         top, top-intermediate, middle, bottom-intermediate and bottom         layer, where the middle layer contains at least one antibiotic         (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline or rifampicin)         dispersed therein, and the top-intermediate and         bottom-intermediate polymer layers contain at least one further         antibiotic dispersed therein (e.g. the at least one further         antibiotic is minocycline or rifampicin, optionally wherein that         when the at least one antibiotic of the middle layer is         minocycline, the at least one further antibiotic of the         top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate layers is rifampicin         and vice versa); or     -   (xviii) the film has five polymer layers, such that there is a         top, top-intermediate, middle, bottom-intermediate and bottom         layer, where the middle layer contains at least one antibiotic         (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline or rifampicin)         dispersed therein, and the top-intermediate and         bottom-intermediate polymer layers contain at least one further         antibiotic dispersed therein (e.g. the at least one further         antibiotic is minocycline or rifampicin, provided that when the         at least one antibiotic of the middle layer is minocycline, the         at least one further antibiotic of the top-intermediate and         bottom-intermediate layers is rifampicin and vice versa), and         the top and bottom layers each comprise a polymeric material and         a releasing agent; or     -   (xix) the film has five polymer layers, such that there is a         top, top-intermediate, middle, bottom-intermediate and bottom         layer, where the top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate         polymer layers contain at least one antibiotic ((e.g. the         further antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin); or     -   (xx) the film has four polymer layers, where the middle two         polymer layers containing at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at         least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin); or     -   (xxi) the film has four polymer layers, where the middle two         polymer layers containing at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at         least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed         therein, and the two outermost layers comprise a polymeric         material and a releasing agent; or     -   (xxii) the film has two polymer layers, where the two polymer         layers each contain at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least         one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin); or     -   (xxiii) the film has two polymer layers, where one of the         polymers layers further comprises at least one antibiotic (e.g.         the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin)         and the other polymer layer further comprises at least one         antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline         and/or rifampicin) and a releasing agent, optionally the         antibiotic in the layer also containing the releasing agent is         minocycline and the other layer contains rifampicin or vice         versa; or     -   (xxiv) the film has five layers, such that there is a top,         top-intermediate, middle, bottom-intermediate and bottom layer,         where the middle layer consists only of polymeric material, the         top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate polymer layers each         comprise a polymeric material and at least one antibiotic (e.g.         the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin)         dispersed therein, and the top and bottom polymer layers each         comprise a polymeric material, a releasing agent and at least         one further antibiotic (e.g. the at least one further antibiotic         is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, optionally         wherein, when the top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate         polymer layers contain rifampicin the top and bottom polymer         layers contain minocycline dispersed therein or vice versa; or     -   (xxv) the film has four layers, such that there is a top,         top-middle, bottom-middle and bottom layer, where the top layer         comprises a polymeric material, a releasing agent and at least         one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one further antibiotic is         minocycline and/or rifampicin), the top-middle layer consists of         at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one further         antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin), the bottom-middle         layer comprises a polymeric material and at least one antibiotic         (e.g. the at least one further antibiotic is minocycline and/or         rifampicin), and the bottom layer consists only of polymeric         material.

It will be appreciated that when the term “at least one antibiotic” is used above in relation to a film or socket made therefrom having more than one layer, it may refer to the use of the same (or same mixture of) antibiotic in all layers that contain an antibiotic, and/or to different antibiotics (and/or to different mixtures of antibiotics) in layers of the film or socket made therefrom.

In embodiments of the socket described herein, the implantable medical device may be a cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED).

In further aspects of the invention, there is provided:

-   -   (i) a socket or film as set out in the first and second aspects         of the invention (and their various embodiments, whether alone         or in any suitable combination) for use in treating or         preventing infection and associated diseases and disorders;     -   (ii) a socket or film as set out in the first and second aspects         of the invention (and their various embodiments, whether alone         or in any suitable combination), in the manufacture of a         medicament for use in the treatment or prevention of infection         and associated diseases and disorders; or     -   (iii) a method of treatment comprising the step of placing at         least part of an implantable medical device into a socket as set         out in the first aspect of the invention (and its various         embodiments, whether alone or in any suitable combination) to         provide a coated implantable medical device and placing the         coated implanted medical device into a subject to treat or         prevent infection and associated diseases and disorders arising         from said implantation.

In embodiments of the above aspects, the film may be used to cover at least part of the surface of a medical device that is then implanted into a subject.

In a further aspect of the invention, there is provided an implantable medical device comprising a medical device and socket as set out in the first aspect of the invention (and its various embodiments, whether alone or in any suitable combination), wherein the film covers a part or the whole of the medical device and is suitable for reducing or preventing migration of the medical device within the body following implantation. For example, the film may be provided in the shape of an envelope or pouch to surround part or whole of the medical device. In certain embodiments, the device may further comprise an additional active agent (e.g. a growth factor, an anti-inflammatory, or anaesthetic agent) coated onto whole or part of an exposed surface of the film.

In yet a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a process for making a socket or film as set out in the first and second aspects of the invention (and their various embodiments, whether alone or in any suitable combination), wherein when the socket is made from a film having two or more polymer layers or the film has two or more polymer layers, the film is prepared by the use of one or more of heat-melting, heat-compression, spray coating, dip coating, chemical grafting, electrostatic adsorption, chemical crosslinking to join the polymer layers together.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1 to 3 depict schematic illustrations of an article designed according to an embodiment of the invention (a socket to surround a medical device) with holes.

FIGS. 4-1 to 4-7 depict examples of layered designs according to embodiments of the current invention.

FIG. 5 depicts the cumulative release profile of minocycline (5-1) and rifampin (5-2) in the exemplified embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 6 depicts the cumulative release profile of minocycline and rifampin in a single film according to an embodiment of the current invention.

FIG. 7 depicts a tensile curve of an article.

DESCRIPTION

The antibiotic socket of the current invention relates to a socket made from an elastic film material (comprising one or more elastomeric polymer layers), with at least one opening in the socket. The socket is smaller than the objects it is intended to hold and so it is stretched to a size to permit the object to be inserted and then recovers towards its original size (due to the elastic material that is made from), such that it securely holds the object inserted thereto (e.g. resiliently engages, holds or secures the object). The secure/resilient securing of the object inserted significantly reduces the possibility of the CIED falling out. In addition, the socket (or the film the socket is made from) may also have a rough surface, which aids in securing the object to the socket and may also help the socket secure the object following implantation into the body. In addition, the rough surface may also prevent the film/socket made therefrom from becoming adhered to a surface (i.e. sticking to a surface), for example the roughness may ensure that the inner surfaces of the socket do not stick to each other and thereby enables easy opening of the socket to insert a device. Further, the socket (or the film the socket is made from) may also contain numerous holes that may help to increase friction and reduce migration of the implant as well as allow outflow of exudates. The design of the socket is thus able to securely hold various sizes of medical devices (e.g. CIEDs) and prevent or reduce migration of the device during implantation, without risk of the device falling out of the socket.

In addition, the antibiotic socket of the current invention may comprise a single layer or multiple layers of a biodegradable/bioresorbable polymer film with at least one antibiotic agent contained within at least one of the polymer layers, or the antibiotic may be disposed as a separate layer encapsulated by at least two polymer layers to form a control-release matrix to provide a required eluting profile for the at least one antibiotic agent for a desired time period. The single layer or multilayer structure also can be incorporated with other functional agents, such as anti-inflammatory, or anaesthetic agents or a growth factor agent.

Thus there is provided a controlled-release antibiotic socket for securely holding an implantable medical device, comprising:

at least one film made from at least one polymer layer, where the at least one film is formed into the socket; at least one antibiotic agent; and at least one opening in the socket, wherein

-   -   the at least one polymer layer comprises a biodegradable         elastomeric polymeric material; and         the at least one antibiotic agent is dispersed within at least         one of the at least one polymer layers and/or, when the film         comprises at least two polymer layers, the at least one         antibiotic agent is disposed as a separate layer between two         polymer layers.

When used herein, the term “socket” is intended to mean a device that is intended to securely hold a separate object by surrounding the whole or part of said separate object (e.g. the socket may leave parts of the object uncovered to enable further connectivity of the object). It will be appreciated from the context of the invention, that the socket is intended to be smaller than the object it is intended to hold and accomplishes the secure holding by its elastic nature, such that it may be stretched to a size larger than the object to be held and then recovers towards its original size once the object to be held has been placed within the socket. As will be apparent, the socket requires at least one opening to permit an object to be inserted within it and so the socket may also be described as a pocket when it has a single opening. In alternative arrangements, the socket may have two openings and so may also be called a sleeve or band. It will be appreciated that the socket may contain more than two openings too.

The socket is made from at least one film. Thus, there is also provided a film made from at least one polymer layer for securely holding an implantable medical device, the film comprising:

-   -   at least one polymer layer that is made from a biodegradable         elastomeric polymeric material; and         at least one antibiotic agent is dispersed within at least one         of the at least one polymer layers and/or, when the film         comprises at least two polymer layers, the at least one         antibiotic agent is disposed as a separate layer between two         polymer layers.

As is apparent, both the socket and film are elastic, in that they can be stretched/deformed in any direction and recover towards their original size and shape. This property enables the socket to securely hold an object placed therein. This may be accomplished by the resilient force applied to the object inserted into the socket by the elastomeric polymeric material that comprises the film. Thus, the socket or film can resiliently engage or resiliently hold a device inserted into a socket formed from the film after stretching. In addition or alternatively, the socket or film can stretch from its original size to an expanded size and return to its original size or to a size no greater than the expanded size minus (80% of the difference between expanded size and original size), optionally wherein the socket or film can stretch from its original size to an expanded size and return to its original size or to a size no greater than the expanded size minus (90% of the difference between expanded size and original size).

The controlled release antibiotic socket of the current invention provides enhanced stability of the object (i.e. the CIED) within the socket, reducing the possibility of the object falling out of the socket, and is able to effectively achieve that for a wide range of objects (i.e. CIEDs of different sizes) with one size of socket. The selection of an elastic polymeric material is an intricate balance of elastic modulus and strain recovery. Certain polymers with high elasticity (low elastic modulus) have poor strain recovery, and would not be able to hold an object well. Other polymers that have relatively low elasticity (high elastic modulus) are not suitable for the construction of a sleeve that can securely hold different sizes of object. The design of the sleeve aids in enhancing the stability of the object (i.e. CIED) within. Thus care need to be exercised in selecting the materials used to form the polymer film.

The controlled-release elastic biodegradable antibiotic film that makes up the socket in the first embodiment of the invention may comprise a single layer or multiple layers with at least one antibiotic agent contained within at least one of the layers to form a controlled-release matrix to provide a required eluting profile for the at least one antibiotic agent for a desired time period. One or more of the layers may contain a releasing agent to enhance control of release of at least one antibiotic agent within the same layer or at other layers of the film. The single layer or multilayer structure also can be incorporated with other functional agents, such as anti-inflammatory, or anaesthetic agents or a growth factor agent.

Thus, there is provided a controlled-release antibiotic film made from at least one polymer layer for securely holding an implantable medical device, the film comprising at least one polymer layer that is made from a biodegradable elastomeric polymeric material; and at least one antibiotic agent is dispersed within at least one of the at least one polymer layers and/or, when the film comprises at least two polymer layers, the at least one antibiotic agent is disposed as a separate layer between two polymer layers.

The controlled release antibiotic socket and films of the current invention provide enhanced control of drug eluting characteristics compared with previous drug eluting articles. This is achieved tuning of various factors, for example using additional layers (polymer layers or a layer of drug), where the active agent(s) are incorporated into different layer(s) (whether dispersed within a polymer layer, or forming a separate layer sandwiched between polymer layers), controlling the polymers used, controlling the thickness of the layers, the drug-polymer composite ratio, addition of releasing agent(s), and a layered structure designed to control the release rate of the active agent(s). It will be appreciated that these features allow for the design of a polymer film where the release profile of two or more active agents, having different release profiles from a polymer film, can be independently controlled. This allows for the active agents to be released at the same time, or to have one or other of the active agents release more quickly in comparison to other active agents etc.

When used herein, the terms “antibiotic film” and “antibiotic agent” may refer to an antimicrobial, an antifungal, an antiseptic or a disinfecting film and/or agent. In particular examples, “antibiotic film” and “antibiotic agent” may refer to an antimicrobial or antifungal agent.

Examples of antimicrobial agents that may be mentioned herein include tetracycline and its derivatives (such as minocycline, tigecycline and doxycycline), rifampin, triclosan, chlorhexidine, penicillins, aminoglycides, quinolones, vancomycin, gentamycine, a cephalosporins (e.g. cephalosporin), carbapenems, imipenem, ertapenem, an antimicrobial peptide, cecropin-mellitin, magainin, dermaseptin, cathelicidin, α-defensins, α-protegrins, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and combinations thereof. Particular combinations of antimicrobial agents that may be mentioned include a combination of rifampin and another antimicrobial agent, such as a combination of rifampin and a tetracycline derivative (e.g. minocycline, doxycycline, and tigecycline, such combinations including rifampin and doxycycline, rifampin and tigecycline or, more particularly, rifampin and minocycline).

For example, when the antimicrobial agent is a combination of rifampin and minocycline, the ratio of rifampin to minocycline is from 1:10 to 10:1 (wt/wt) (e.g. from 2:5 to 5:2 (wt/wt)).

When used herein “rifampicin” and “rifampin” are used interchangeably herein to refer to the active agent having CAS number 13292-46-1, or salts and/or solvates thereof.

Examples of antifungal agents that may be mentioned herein include azoles (such as ketoconazole, clotrimazole, miconazole, econazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, bifoconazole, terconazole, butaconazole, tioconazole, oxiconazole, sulconazole, saperconazole, clotrimazole, voriconazole, clotrimazole), allylamines (such as terbinafine), morpholines (such as amorolfine and naftifine), griseofulvin, haloprogin, butenafine, tolnaftate, nystatin, cyclohexamide, ciclopirox, flucytosine, terbinafin, amphotericin B and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

When used herein, the term “releasing agent” or “hydrophilic small molecules” may refer to natural or synthetic chemical compounds with a molecular weight of less than 2000 Daltons, which are able to dissolve or dislodge from a matrix when in contact with water or in physiological conditions. Examples of releasing agents that may be mentioned herein include sorbitol, xylitol, glycerin, mannitol, polyethylene glycol (PEG) having a number average molecular weight of from 200 to 2000 Daltons, polysorbate and urea or any molecule (e.g. one that has a molecular weight of less than 2000 Daltons) with a hydrophobic-lipophilic balance of greater than 6.

When used herein, the term “polymer layer” may refer to a formulated composition which forms a solid or semi-solid film, with/without an antibiotic agent (as defined herein), with a controlled thickness. The combination of polymer layers may serve as a drug reservoir exhibiting drug control-release behaviour. In certain embodiments of the invention that may be mentioned herein, when an antibiotic agent is present in the polymeric layer, the polymeric material may comprise at least 1 wt % (e.g. at least 2 wt %, such as at least 5 wt %) of the polymer layer.

When used herein “antibiotic layer” may refer to a defined layer of an antibiotic layer laid on the surface of a polymer layer and comprising at least one or more antibiotic materials, but which is substantially free of a polymeric material (i.e. there may be less than 0.5 wt % of a polymeric material as a minor impurity in said layer), or more particularly, there is an absence of polymeric material in the antibiotic layer. For the avoidance of doubt, the antibiotic layer cannot be on a surface of a polymer layer that is directly in contact with the environment in a completed film, that is, each antibiotic layer is ultimately encapsulated between two polymer layers. This encapsulation may be direct (e.g. an antibiotic layer is sandwiched between two polymer layers) or indirect (e.g. where two antibiotic layers are laid on top of each other and encapsulated between two polymer layers, such that each antibiotic layer is in direct contact with one of the polymer layers). It will be appreciated that the antibiotic layers may be continuous or discontinuous, such that the antibiotic layer can be encapsulated within the polymer layers (e.g. the footprint of the antibiotic layer is adjusted so that it is smaller than the footprint of the polymer layers that encapsulate it). In addition, it will be appreciated that the antibiotic layer may take the form of a particulate layer on the surface of a polymeric substrate layer.

While it is possible for the film of the current invention to provide beneficial effects as a single layer of film, particular embodiments of the invention relate to a film has at least two polymer layers. For example, the film may have from two to nine layers, such as from three to seven layers (e.g. from three to five layers), whether polymer layers only or a combination of polymer layers and antibiotic layers, provided that the antibiotic layers are not the outer layers of the film. In embodiments that may be mentioned herein, the film may have from two to nine polymer layers, such as from three to seven polymer layers (e.g. from three to five polymer layers).

When used herein, the terms “bioresorbable polymer” and “biodegradable polymer” refers to a material that can be at least partially broken down or, more particularly, fully degraded by contact with a bodily fluid, with the breakdown products being either eliminated from the body as waste or used by the body in further metabolic processes (e.g. anabolic processes).

Examples of bioresorbable polymers include poly(DL-lactide-co-caprolactone) (DL-PLCL), or more particularly, poly(lactide-co-caprolactone) (PLCL), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyglycolide (PGA), poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA), poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC), polydioxanone (PDO), poly(4-hydroxy butyrate) (PHB), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), poly(phosphazene), poly(phosphate ester), poly(amino acid), polydepsipeptides, poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), polyethylene oxide, polypropylene fumarate, polyiminocarbonates, poly(D,L-lactic acid), polyglycolic acid, poly(L-lactide-co-D,L-lactide), poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGL), poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide), poly(gycolide-trimethylene carbonate), poly(glycolide-co-caprolactone) (PGCL), poly(ethyl glutamate-co-glutamic acid), poly(tert-butyloxy-carbonylmethyl glutamate), poly(glycerol sebacate), tyrosine-derived polycarbonate, poly 1,3-bis-(p-carboxyphenoxy) hexane-co-sebacic acid, polyphosphazene, ethyl glycinate polyphosphazene, polycaprolactone co-butylacrylate, a copolymer of polyhydroxybutyrate, a copolymer of maleic anhydride, a copolymer of poly(trimethylene carbonate), polyethylene glycol, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and cellulose derivatives, polysaccharides, such as hyaluronic acid, chitosan, starch, proteins such as gelatin, collagen or PEG derivatives and combinations thereof.

Particular bioresorbable polymers that may be mentioned include poly(DL-lactide-co-caprolactone) (DL-PLCL), or more particularly, polycaprolactone (PCL), polyglycolide (PGA), poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA), polydioxanone (PDO), poly(4-hydroxy butyrate) (PHB), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), PEG and its derivatives, and their copolymers (e.g. selected from one or more of the group consisting of poly(DL-lactide-co-caprolactone) (DL-PLCL), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyglycolide (PGA), poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA), PEG and its derivatives and their copolymers). Further polymers that may be mentioned herein include, poly(ester-urethane)s, poly(diol citrates), poly(4-hydroxybutyrate)s, poly(glycerol sebacate), and star-poly(ε-caprolactone-co-D,L-lactide), poly(lactide-co-caprolactone) (PLCL), poly(glycolide-co-caprolactone) (PGCL) and other biodegradable elastomer prepared through synthesis of di-, tri-, or multi-polymers, architecturally arranged in block, star, or linear structures, and prepared as thermoplastics or thermosets, their co-polymers, and mixtures or blends. Particular polymers that may be mentioned herein include DL-PLCL, PGCL and PLCL, their copolymers, and mixtures or blends thereof.

When used herein, the term “elastic polymer” refers to a material that can resist a distorting influence or stress and can return to towards its original size and shape when the stress is removed. For example, the elastic polymer may be stretched up to 10 times its original size in any direction (e.g. from 1.1 times to 4 times its original size) and may then recover at least to 80%, such as at least 90% of its original size following release of the stretch. For example, when stretching a film to size B (a difference of size C) from size A results in the film returning to a maximum size of B−(0.8×C) following stretching and release, where C is B−A, such as a maximum size of B−(0.9×C). That is, if one stretches a film from 0.1 cm to 0.11 cm (difference of 0.01 cm), the resulting film will have maximum size of 0.11−(0.8×0.01)=0.102 cm if the film recovers at least to 80% of its original size or will have a maximum size of 0.101 cm if the film recovers to at least 90% of its original size following stretching. It will be appreciated that the film may recover to its original size or almost to its original size.

The antibiotic film can be prepared as a single polymer, a polymer blend or copolymer, with one or more layers. In particular embodiments of the film or socket made therefrom:

-   -   (a) the bioresorbable elastomeric polymeric material of one of         the at least one polymer layers may be a blend of PCL and PLA         (e.g. a ratio blend of PCL and PLA having a wt:wt ratio of 1:9         to 9:1), or a blend of PCL and PGA (e.g. a ratio blend of PCL         and PGA having a wt:wt ratio of 1:9 to 9:1); or     -   (b) the bioresorbable elastomeric polymeric material of one of         the at least one polymer layers may be PCL, or a copolymer of         poly(DL-lactide/caprolactone), such as DL-PLCL (e.g. having a         DL-PLA to PCL ratio of from 1:9 to 9:1), or a copolymer of         poly(lactide/caprolactone) such as PLCL (e.g. having a PLA to         PCL ratio of from 1:9 to 9:1), or a copolymer of         poly(glycolide/caprolactone) such as PGCL (e.g. having a PCL to         PGA ratio of from 1:9 to 9:1); or     -   (c) the bioresorbable elastomeric polymeric material of one of         the at least one polymer layers may be         poly(DL-lactide-co-caprolactone) (DL-PLCL), or more particularly         a blend of PCL and PLA (e.g. a ratio blend of PCL and PLA having         a wt:wt ratio of 1:9 to 9:1), poly(ester-urethane)s, poly(diol         citrates), and poly(4-hydroxybutyrate)s, poly(glycerol         sebacate), star-poly(ε-caprolactone-co-D,L-lactide),         poly(lactide-co-caprolactone) (PLCL),         poly(glycolide-co-caprolactone) (PGCL) or other biodegradable         elastomer; or     -   (d) the bioresorbable elastomeric polymeric material of one of         the at least one polymer layers may be one or more copolymers         (such as selected from one or more of the group consisting of         polycaprolactone (PCL), polyglycolide (PGA), poly(L-lactic acid)         (PLA), PEG and its derivatives and their copolymers)), such as a         copolymer of poly (glycolide/caprolactone) or poly         (lactide/caprolactone) (e.g. having a PLA to PCL ratio of from         9:1 to 6:4) or its derivatives and copolymers thereof; or     -   (e) the bioresorbable elastomeric polymeric material of one of         the at least one polymer layers may be a blend of PLCL and PCL         (e.g. a ratio blend of PLCL and PCL having a wt:wt ratio of 1:9         to 9:1).

Further polymeric elastomeric materials that may be mentioned herein include:

-   -   a) the bioresorbable elastomeric polymeric material of one of         the at least one polymer layers is poly(lactide-co-caprolactone)         (PLCL) (e.g. having a PLA to PCL ratio of from 90:10 to 60:40)         or its derivatives and copolymers thereof; and/or     -   b) the bioresorbable elastomeric polymeric material of one of         the at least one polymer layers is         poly(DL-lactide-co-caprolactone) (DL-PLCL) (e.g. having a DL-PLA         to PCL ratio of from 90:10 to 50:50) or its derivatives and         copolymers thereof; and/or     -   c) the bioresorbable elastomeric polymeric material of one of         the at least one polymer layers is         poly(glycolide-co-caprolactone) (PGCL) (e.g. having a PGA to PCL         ratio of from 90:10 to 10:90) or its derivatives and copolymers         thereof; and/or     -   d) the bioresorbable elastomeric polymeric material of one of         the at least one polymer layers is a blend of PLCL or DL-PLCL or         PGCL with a releasing agent selected from one or more of the         group selected from polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate         60, polysorbate 80, or polyethyleneglycol having a molecular         weight of 200 to 2000 Daltons in a wt:wt ratio of PLCL or         DL-PLCL or PGCL to releasing agent of from 25:1 to 1:9.

Particular polymers that may be mentioned herein include PLCL, DL-PLCL and PGCL.

It will be appreciated, that the polymer layers described above may be combined to form a single multilayer film. This film may only have polymer layers, or may also have antibiotic layers interspersed between the polymer layers, provided that the antibiotic layers are ultimately encapsulated between two polymer layers.

In particular embodiments of the invention as disclosed herein, the number average molecular weight of the polymer may be greater than or equal to 5,000 Daltons, such as greater than 5000 Daltons (e.g. from 5,000 to 500,000 Daltons).

The antibiotic film include may include a releasing agent in at least one layer of the film or the film that comprises a component part of the socket. The releasing agent may be present in at least one of the at least one layers of the film, whether the layer is a polymer layer or an antibiotic layer, or may be present in more than one of the layers that make up the film, up to the total number of layers in the film. It will be appreciated, that when present, the releasing agent may be a single releasing agent or may be more than one releasing agent. When there is more than one releasing agent (e.g. 2 to 10 releasing agents), the releasing agents may be mixed together to form a blend that may be applied to one or more of the layers of the film as described above. Alternatively, when there are at least two releasing agents (e.g. 3 to 9 releasing agents), each releasing agent may be applied to separate layers of the film, provided that more than two layers of the film are intended to contain a releasing agent. Yet further alternatively, when there are at least three releasing agents (e.g. 4 to 10 releasing agents), at least two blends (e.g. 3 to 9 blends) of releasing agents may be prepared and each blend may be applied to separate layers of the film, provided that more than two layers of the film are intended to contain a releasing agent. When present in a layer, the releasing agent may be present in an amount from 0.1 wt % to 50 wt % of said layer.

The antibiotic film includes at least one antibiotic agent which is distributed in at least one layer of polymer. The antibiotic agent may be distributed within one or more polymer layers of the antibiotic film (e.g. heterogeneously or, more particularly homogeneously distributed). Therefore, while not necessary, in particular embodiments of the current invention the at least one antibiotic agent is miscible with the bioresorbable polymer of each polymer layer in which it is present. For example:

-   -   (i) when the film has at least two polymer layers, the at least         one antibiotic agent is distributed within at least two of the         polymer layers; and/or     -   (ii) when the film has at least two polymer layers, the at least         one antibiotic agent forms a separate layer sandwiched between         the two polymer layers; and/or     -   (ii) when the film has at least two polymer layers and the at         least one antibiotic agent is present as at least three         antibiotic layers, the antibiotic layers are sandwiched between         the polymer layers and a first antibiotic agent layer is         sandwiched between two layers of a second antibiotic agent or         between a layer of a second antibiotic agent and layer of a         third antibiotic agent; and/or     -   (iii) when the film has at least two polymer layers and the at         least one antibiotic agent is present as at least two antibiotic         layers, the antibiotic layers are sandwiched between the polymer         layers and a first antibiotic agent layer is sandwiched between         a polymer layer and a second antibiotic layer.

In at least one layer of the polymer film, the at least one antibiotic agent may be present in an amount of from 0.1 wt % to 99 wt %, such as from 0.1 wt % to 95 wt % of said polymer layer (e.g. from 0.1 wt % to 90 wt % or from 0.1 wt % to 80 wt %, such as from 0.1 wt % to 60 wt %), for example, in at least one layer of the polymer film, the at least one antibiotic agent may be present in an amount of from 0.1 wt % to 30 wt % of said polymer layer, optionally wherein said polymer layer is solvent cast and/or in the at least one layer of the polymer film, the at least one antibiotic agent may be present in an amount of from 10 wt % to 95 wt % (e.g. from 10 wt % to 60 wt %, or from 30 wt % to 95 wt %, such as from 40 wt % to 80 wt %) of said polymer layer, optionally wherein said polymer layer was spray coated onto a substrate.

The antibiotic film can be formed as a single layer film or a multilayer film composite. The composite consists of at least one type of biodegradable polymer and at least one antibiotic agent. Each polymer layer can be formed from one biodegradable polymer or polymer blends. For example, the outer layer of biodegradable polymer film incorporated with or without an agent to encourage tissue growth on the surface, such as collagen, a middle layer of biodegradable polymer incorporated with an antibiotic agent, and a third layer of biodegradable polymer, with no active agent. Another multilayer film composite can be a layer of biodegradable polymer with or without a growth factor agent, three layers of a biodegradable polymer composite comprising an antibiotic agent, and followed by a layer of biodegradable polymer film with or without a growth factor agent. The antibiotic agents in the three layers can be the same or different in content and concentration distribution.

Further examples of the antibiotic film include:

-   -   (a) a film having a single polymer layer and contains at least         one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline         and/or rifampicin);     -   (b) a film having three polymer layers, with the middle layer         containing at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one         antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin);     -   (c) a film having three polymer layers, with the middle layer         containing at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one         antibiotic is minocycline or rifampicin) and the outer layers         containing a further antibiotic (e.g. the further antibiotic is         minocycline or rifampicin, provided that when the at least one         antibiotic of the middle layer is minocycline, the further         antibiotic of the outer layers is rifampicin and vice versa);     -   (d) a film having five polymer layers, with the middle layer         containing at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one         antibiotic is minocycline or rifampicin) and the layers         immediately on top and bottom of the middle layer containing a         further antibiotic (e.g. the further antibiotic is minocycline         or rifampicin, provided that when the at least one antibiotic of         the middle layer is minocycline, the further antibiotic of the         outer layers is rifampicin and vice versa);     -   (e) a film having five polymer layers, where the layers         immediately on top and bottom of the middle layer contain an         antibiotic (e.g. the further antibiotic is minocycline and/or         rifampicin;     -   (f) a film having four polymer layers, with the middle two         layers containing at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one         antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin);     -   (g) a film having two polymer layers, with the two layers each         containing at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one         antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin).

Yet further examples are provided as embodiments (i) to (xxv) in the summary of invention section hereinabove and are omitted in full here for brevity. It will be noted from these examples that while the layering design may be symmetrical, it does not need to be. That is, the layering design may be asymmetrical in nature and an example of this is provided as example (xxv) in the summary of invention section hereinabove.

In at least one layer of the antibiotic polymer film and sockets made therefreom, the at least one antibiotic agent is present in an amount of from 0.1 wt % to 99 wt %, such as from 0.1 wt % to 95 wt % of said polymer layer (e.g. from 0.1 wt % to 90 wt % or from 0.1 wt % to 80 wt %, from 0.1 wt % to 60 wt %, such as from 0.1 wt % to 30 wt % or from 10 wt % to 60 wt %). The actual amount present within each polymer layer may vary depending on the way that the layer of film was prepared. For example, when the polymer layer is solvent cast the at least one antibiotic agent may be present in an amount of from 0.1 wt % to 30 wt % of said polymer layer, and when the polymer layer was formed by spray coating it onto a substrate, the at least one antibiotic agent may be present in an amount of from 10 wt % to 95 wt % (e.g. from 10 wt % to 60 wt %, or from 30 wt % to 95 wt %, such as from 40 wt % to 80 wt %).

As noted hereinbefore, the film and sockets made therefrom, may contain one or more layers of the one or more antibiotic agent that are ultimately encapsulated between two polymer layers. In such separate antibiotic layers, the at least one antibiotic agent may be present in an amount of from 10 wt % to 100 wt % of said layer. Said layer may further comprise releasing agent or other pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvants, diluents or disperants.

The at least one antibiotic agent may make up from 0.001 wt % to 30 wt %, or more particularly 0.001 wt % to 20 wt %, such as 0.001 wt % to 20 wt % (e.g. from 0.01 wt % to 5 wt %, or from 0.5 wt % to 5 wt %) of the weight of the entire film (i.e. all layers of the film).

It will be appreciated that for the film/socket to prove effective, it has to release the one or more antibiotic agents over an extended period of time in a controlled manner. For example, the at least one antibiotic agent is released from the antibiotic film over a period of from 1 to 30 days following implantation or, more particularly, over a period of from 3 to 14 days following implantation.

Particular films and sockets made therefrom that may be mentioned herein include an antibiotic film/socket where more than 10 wt % of the at least one antibiotic agent is released within 24 hours of implantation, with the entirety of the at least one antibiotic agent being released from the antibiotic film over a period of from 3 to 14 days following implantation.

It will be appreciated that the antibiotic films and the sockets made therefrom of the current invention can be used in medicine. For example, the antibiotic films mentioned herein can be used in treating or preventing infection and associated diseases and disorders. In addition, the films mentioned herein may be used in:

-   -   (a) the manufacture of a medicament for use in the treatment or         prevention of infection and associated diseases and disorders;         and     -   (b) a method of treatment comprising the step of applying the         controlled-release antibiotic film to a subject to treat or         prevent infection and associated diseases and disorders.

The antibiotic films and sockets made therefrom mentioned herein may be used to cover at least part of the surface of a medical device that is then implanted into a subject, as described in more detail below.

As mentioned hereinbefore, the films and the sockets made therefrom may be applied to an implantable medical device, where the resulting device comprises a medical device and an antibiotic film in the form of a socket as described herein, wherein the socket covers a part or the whole of the medical device and is suitable for reducing or preventing migration of the medical device within the body following implantation. For example, the sockets made from the film may be provided in the shape of an envelope, pouch, pocket, sleeve or band to surround part or whole of the medical device. The device may further comprise an additional active agent (e.g. a growth factor) coated onto whole or part of an exposed surface of the film. An embodiment of the device is described below in relation to FIG. 1.

The term “implantable medical device”, when used herein refers to a medical device that can be implanted transdermally, or to any indwelling medical device that includes a transdermal component. Examples of an implantable medical device that may be mentioned herein include arteriovenous shunts, left ventricular assist devices, cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs), tissue expanders, gastric lap bands, spinal cord stimulators, intrathecal infusion pumps, deep brain stimulators, gastric electrical stimulators, sacral nerve stimulators, and vagus nerve stimulators, amongst others.

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an antibiotic film shaped into an article substrate that can be coupled to an implantable medical device for implantation into a site of subject's body. The article may be used to secure an implantable device at the desired site within the subject's body, by helping to anchor the device into the surrounding tissue or part of the tissue. The article is also able to inhibit bacterial growth due to the presence of the antibiotic agent within the film.

In FIG. 1, the socket 100 according to the current invention, comprising a controlled-release antimicrobial film 110 as hereinbefore defined, has two openings 120 and 130 that may be fully or partially open, and so may be described as a band or sleeve, as well as a socket. The socket itself and hence the openings 120/130 are smaller than the object to be inserted into and held by the socket. The socket may also, as illustrated, contain a plurality of holes 140 in the film 110. As depicted, the socket is made from a single film and so only requires a single side-seal 150 and may also comprise curved seal corners 160. It will be appreciated that the socket may be manufactured using more than one film, which may then result in additional side-seals being required. As shown in FIG. 1, the openings 120/130 may be of the same size. However, it is specifically contemplated that the openings may also be of different sizes. In certain embodiments, the holes may be from 0.1 mm to 5 mm (e.g. from 0.3 mm to 2 mm or from 0.3 mm to 1 mm). As shown in FIG. 1, the holes may have a uniform shape and size (e.g. all are circular in shape of the same size). However, it is specifically contemplated that the holes may be irregular in shape (each hole being of an undefined shape) or be of any shape (e.g. random defined shapes) and that the size of the holes may not be uniform. The holes may be focused in the middle (avoiding seals and openings) as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, or evenly distributed throughout the band or nearer to the seals and openings as shown in FIG. 1. According to certain embodiments of the invention, the sleeve may be formed by sealing at one end, as shown in FIG. 1, or sealed at multiple ends. The corner seals may be curved, as shown in FIG. 1, angled or squared.

In FIG. 2, the socket 200 according to the current invention is made from a controlled-release antimicrobial film 210 (i.e. any film as defined hereinbefore), with two openings 220 and 230, a plurality of holes (e.g. one or more holes) 240, two-side seals 250 and angled sealed corners 260. It will be appreciated that the socket is smaller than the object to be inserted therein (i.e. a CIED) and may be capable of housing a range of different sizes of CIED. As shown in FIG. 2, the openings may be of different sizes; however it is specifically contemplated that the openings may also be of the same size. In certain embodiments, the holes may be from 0.1 mm to 5 mm (e.g. from 0.3 mm to 2 mm). The socket of FIG. 2 may be formed by sealing two films together at two ends, as shown in FIG. 2 to form a sleeve or band-like structure. According to further embodiments of the invention, the corner seals may be angled, as shown in FIG. 2, or curved or squared. It is also contemplated that the corner seals may be angled in any technically suitable manner.

In FIG. 3, there is provided a socket in the form of a pocket 300 according to the current invention, comprising a controlled-release antimicrobial film 310 (i.e. any film described hereinbefore), with one opening 320, a plurality of holes (e.g. one or more holes) 330, a three-side seal 340, curved sealed corners 350 and angled sealed corners 360. As shown in FIG. 3, the pocket may be formed by sealing at least two films together at three ends, leaving a single end open to act as an opening. It will be appreciated that all of the ends may be sealed together and a new opening created by cutting an opening of suitable dimensions into the sealed film (this may apply using a single film as well as more than two films).

When used herein, the term “article” may refer to the overall medical device unit, that is the film and implantable medical device, or it may refer to the film shaped as a socket (i.e. a mesh, pouch, bag, envelope, sleeve, band, pocket or receptacle (all of which may be with or without holes)), that can fully or partially cover an implantable medical device.

As noted above, the socket (e.g. 300 of FIG. 3) may be in the form of an envelope with an opening 320 to allow insertion of an implantable device into the film and to permit insertion of accessories, such as leads or wires. The surface of the article 300 may also contain holes 330 within the film 310, with all possible shapes and dimensions to reduce mass of pouch and to enhance the release of the active agent into the surrounding tissue efficiently. It will be appreciated that this is generically applicable to other forms of sockets described or contemplated herein. The size, shape and weight of the article can vary according to the implantation requirement. Alternatively, the film may be cut into strips an applied piece-meal so as to cover whole or part of the medical device. In such examples, the film may be applied by any method of bonding, such as by the use of an adhesive, heat bonding or adhesion caused by the nature of the film itself (e.g. in the manner of attaching a plastic paraffin film to an object).

The sockets of FIGS. 1-3, are configured to (1) reduce device migration or erosion; (2) securely hold the implanted medical device within the article to reduce the risk of it falling out; (3) securely hold various sizes of medical device to reduce the risk of it falling out; (4) eliminate direct contact between the implanted medical device and the tissue layer; and (5) release antibiotic agent within a desired period at the required eluting rate. This is achieved by the properties of the socket and the antibiotic film(s) that form the socket of the current invention.

The antibiotic article is a versatile platform, which can be capable of different functions. For example, the controlled release of the antibiotic agent is sufficient to prevent or reduce bacteria colonization on the surface of the implantable medical device. In addition, the device can also be incorporated with other functions, such as the enhancement of tissue attachment on the outer surface of the envelope by coating the surface of the film in direct contact with body tissue with one or more growth factors.

It will be appreciated that the article can be designed to have any shape and size according to the needs of the medical device to be implanted.

The film of the article described in FIG. 1 can be formed by at least one layer or several layers of biodegradable polymer film. At least one of said polymers layers contains an antibiotic agent. However, different layers may have different functions, such as a drug incorporation layer, a drug release control layer, a layer to promote tissue-ingrowth after implantation etc.

FIG. 4 provides various multilayer films according to aspects of the invention. The single layer to multiple layer films may have a total thickness of the film is from 1 μm to 2000 μm (e.g. from 10 μm to 500 μm, such as from 40 μm to 300 μm). In general, for a multilayer film (or a single layer film), the thickness of each layer of the polymer film may be from 0.01 μm to 1000 μm (e.g. from 0.01 μm to 200 μm).

The multilayer designs of various embodiments of the invention are depicted in FIG. 4. Design 4-1 shows a 3-layer film, in which the middle layer may be a piece of drug-containing biodegradable polymer film with at least one or more drugs 1, the outer two layers 2 may be biodegradable polymer films further comprising a releasing agent blend, but without any active agent which can be formed by the same or different polymer materials. Design 4-2 depicts a 3-layer film, in which the middle layer is a piece of drug-containing biodegradable polymer film with at least one or more drugs 3, the surface of this film (3) is coated with a layer of drug-containing biodegradable polymer layers with one or more drugs 4. Design 4-3 depicts a 5-layer film, in which the middle three layers are similar to design 4-2, with the outer two surface layers being biodegradable polymer layers that may contain a releasing agent and are with/without drug 5. Design 4-4 shows a 4-layer film, in which the middle two layers 6 contain a drug, with the films in the outer surfaces 5 are biodegradable polymer layers that may contain a releasing agent and are with/without drug. Design 4-5 shows a 2-layer film, in which both layers are with one or two drugs 7. Design 4-6 shows a 5-layer film, in which the middle layer may be a piece of biodegradable elastic polymer film without any active agent or releasing agent 8, the surface of this film (8) is coated with a layer of drug-containing biodegradable polymer layers with one or more drugs 4, and the two outer surface layers are a blend of polymer and releasing agent that may or may not contain a drug 9. Design 4-7 shows a 7-layer film in which the middle layer may be a piece of biodegradable elastic polymer film without any active agent or releasing agent 8, the surface of this film (8) is coated with a layer of drug-containing biodegradable polymer layers with one or more drugs 4, the two layers immediately after is a blend of polymer with or without releasing agent 10, and the outer surface layer is a blend of polymer and releasing agent that may or may not contain a drug 9.

These films may be prepared by making each layer separately and stacking these individual film layers together through heat-melting, heat-compression, chemical grafting, electrostatic adsorption, chemical crosslinking etc. Alternatively or additionally, a film layer may also be used as a substrate and be spray- or dip-coated on one or both surfaces to form a further polymer layer (or layers). The preferred film preparation methods are film casting, spray coating and heat compression.

The various embodiments described above are not intended to be limiting and the principles provided can be used to generate, further designs having different drug or polymer compositions and/or different film properties that do not departs from the spirit and scope of the current invention (e.g. that do not depart from the scope of the currently claimed invention). Designs that may be mentioned herein include those where the film comprises at least 2-layers. The main purpose of the invention is to be able to control the drug release profile of one or more active agents independently in a drug-polymer matrix for different drugs. As different active agents have different potencies and different hydrophilicity, it is rather challenging to control the drug release profile by using one polymer formulation for each drug. The designs shown in FIG. 4 enable one to control the drug release profile of different active agents separately to achieve a desired drug release profile for both agents.

The antibiotic article can be tailored to different shapes and dimension to partially cover or fully wrap an implantable medical device. The thickness of each layer ranges from 0.01 μm to 1000 μm (e.g. from 0.01 μm to 200 μm).

The antibiotic article is bioabsorable, which can provide a temporary anchorage for implantable medical device and gradually be absorbed/excreted by the body to provide comfort to patient. The article eliminates direct contact between the implanted medical device and tissue layer and may reduce the implanted device's migration or erosion. The article is fully resorbable with good mechanical strength.

The growth of tissue on the surface of the antibiotic article can be controlled by incorporating a layer of growth factor on the surface according to surgeons' needs.

The sockets and/or films of the current invention provide the following advantages:

-   -   (1) the elastic socket can hold the device tightly to prevent         medical device from dropping-off when implanted—especially when         used to fit various sizes of CIED;     -   (2) the socket can secularly hold a medical device and prevent         or reduce migration of device during implantation;     -   (3) drug release control can be tuned independently according to         desired drug release profile for each drug within the film—a         particular challenge when there is more than one antibiotic         agent to be released;     -   (4) the antibiotic agents are distributed throughout the polymer         layers to which they form an integral part, making the         antibiotic agent more stable and reducing fragility problems         associated with coating a layer of drug onto a polymer surface;     -   (5) the burst phase of the antibiotic agent(s) are easier to         control using the film technology of the current invention,         allowing more consistent control of the delivery of the         antibiotic agents initially and in the subsequent controlled         release phase.

EXAMPLES General Preparation

To illustrate the kinetics of drug release, a sample of the film was cut into a 2 cm×2 cm size, which was immersed in a vial containing 4 mL of PBS buffer (as the elution medium) for continuous drug elution testing. The vial was placed in a 37° C. incubator shaker. At periodic intervals, the elution medium was withdrawn for reverse phase HPLC analysis to determine the eluted amount of rifampicin and minocycline and replaced with fresh PBS solution (4 mL). The cumulative drug release was calculated and plotted (see FIGS. 4-6).

Table 1 and FIG. 4 list a series of designs that were used in the examples. The table lists a number of polymers that can be used to generate compositions according to the current invention (whether alone or in combination), as well as antibiotics. It will be understood that alternative polymers and antibiotics may be used.

TABLE 1 Film matrix with rifampin (R) and minocycline (M) Film code Design Polymer Antibiotics 1-1 4-1 PLCL, PLA, PLGA M 1-2 4-1 PLCL, PLA, PLGA R 1-3 4-2 PLCL, PLA, PLGA M 1-4 4-2 PLCL, PLA, PLGA R 1-5 4-3 PLCL, PLA, PLGA M 1-6 4-3 PLCL, PLA, PLGA R 1-7 4-4 PLCL, PLA, PLGA M 1-8 4-4 PLCL, PLA, PLGA R 1-9 4-5 PLCL, PLA, PLGA M 1-10 4-5 PLCL, PLA, PLGA R 1-11 4-6 PLCL, PLA, PLGA M 1-12 4-6 PLCL, PLA, PLGA R 1-13 4-7 PLCL, PLA, PLGA M 1-14 4-7 PLCL, PLA, PLGA R 1-15 Single Layer, with PLCL M releasing agent 1-16 Single Layer, with PLCL R releasing agent 1-17 Single Layer, without PLCL M releasing agent 1-18 Single Layer, without PLCL R releasing agent

Example 1 (Design 4-1, Film Codes 1-1 and 1-2) 1-A Film Casting for Drug-Resorbable Film

1.8 g PLCL resin, 700 mg of sorbitol and 160 mg of minocycline (film code 1-1; rifampicin for film code 1-2) were dissolved in 10 mL acetone/ethanol solvent mixture of the ratio of 5:5 v/v. The mixture was mixed evenly for more than 4 hours. After the mixing, the solution was homogeneous and 5 mL of the solution was then poured onto a glass plate and drawn by a film applicator to form a film upon drying. The film was removed from the glass plate after the film was completely dry, following evaporation of the solvent.

1-B Film Casting for Control Layer Film

Similarly, 1.8 g PLCL resin and 50 mg sorbitol were dissolved in 10 mL of acetone. A homogeneous solution was poured onto a glass plate and drawn by a film applicator to form a film following evaporation of the solvent. The film was then removed from the glass plate.

1-C Films Compression

A composition according to design 4-1 was prepared using two films according to 1-B sandwiching a film according to 1-A. The resulting stack of films were aligned and compressed by a heat compressor at 60° C., 6 MPa for 50 seconds.

Example 2 (Design 4-2, Film Codes 1-3 and 1-4) 2-A Film Casting for Drug-Biodegradable Film

1.8 g PLCL/PLC resin (2:8 weight ratio) and 160 mg of minocycline (film code 1-3; rifampicin for film code 1-4) were dissolved in 10 mL acetone/ethanol solvent mixture having a ratio of 5:5 v/v. The film casting procedure was the same as described in Example 1-A.

2-B Spray Coating of Drug—PLGA Mixture

Similarly, 180 mg PLGA resin and 20 mg of minocycline (film code 1-3; rifampicin for film code 1-4) were dissolved in 10 mL acetone/ethanol solvent mixture having the ratio of 5:5 v/v. The mixture was spray coated onto the film prepared in 2-A, using 2 mL of the prepared solution, by repeatedly passing the spray nozzle over both sides of film 2A with the same number of passes.

Example 3 (Design 4-3, Film Code 1-5 and 1-6)

The middle three layers were prepared by following procedure in Example 2. The two outer layers were prepared by following Example 1-B. The stack of 5 layers of films were aligned properly and compressed by a heat compressor at 60° C., 6 MPa for 50 seconds.

Example 4 (Design 4-4, Film Code 1-7 and 1-8)

The outer two layers were prepared by following Example 1-B. The two middle drug-polymer layers were prepared by following Example 2-B. The resulting films were aligned properly and compressed by a heat compressor at 60° C., 6 MPa for 50 seconds.

Example 5 (Design 4-5, Film Code 1-9 and 1-10)

The two layers were prepared by following Example 1-A and 2-A. Film compression procedure is the same as 1-C.

Example 6 (Design 4-6, Film Code 1-11 and 1-12) 6-A Film Compression for Elastic Biodegradable Polymer Film

PLCL resin was heat compressed at 150° C., 60 Mpa for 1 minute.

6-B Spray Coating of Drug—PLGA Mixture

180 mg PLGA resin and 20 mg of minocycline (film code 1-11; rifampicin for film code 1-12) were dissolved in 10 mL acetone/ethanol solvent mixture having the ratio of 5:5 v/v. The mixture was spray coated onto the film prepared in 6-A, using 2 mL of the prepared solution, by repeatedly passing the spray nozzle over both sides of film 6A with the same number of passes.

6-C Film Casting for Blend of Small Molecules Drug Film

1.8 g PLCL resin, 250 mg of polysorbate and 160 mg of minocycline (film code 1-1; rifampicin for film code 1-2) were dissolved in 10 mL acetone/ethanol solvent mixture of the ratio of 5:5 v/v. The mixture was mixed evenly for more than 4 hours. After the mixing, the solution was homogeneous and 5 mL of the solution was then poured onto a glass plate and drawn by a film applicator to form a film upon drying. The film was removed from the glass plate after the film was completely dry, following evaporation of the solvent.

6-D Films Compression

A composition according to design 4-6 was prepared using two films according to 6-C sandwiching a film 6-A coated according to 6-B. The resulting stack of films were aligned and compressed by a heat compressor at 60° C., 6 MPa for 50 seconds.

Example 7 (Design 4-7, Film Code 1-13 and 1-14) 7-A Film Casting for Blend of Small Molecule Control Film

1.8 g PLCL resin and 50 mg of polysorbate were dissolved in 10 mL acetone/ethanol solvent mixture of the ratio of 5:5 v/v. The mixture was mixed evenly for more than 4 hours. After the mixing, the solution was homogeneous and 5 mL of the solution was then poured onto a glass plate and drawn by a film applicator to form a film upon drying. The film was removed from the glass plate after the film was completely dry, following evaporation of the solvent.

7-B Films Compression

A composition according to design 4-7 was prepared using two films according to 7-A sandwiching a film 6-A coated according to 6-B. The stack is further sandwiched between two films according to 6-C. The resulting stack of films were aligned and compressed by a heat compressor at 60° C., 6 MPa for 50 seconds.

Example 8 (Single Layer, with Releasing Agent, Film Code 1-15 and 1-16)

Film preparation procedure is the same as Example 1-A to prepare a single layer.

Example 9 (Single Layer without Releasing Agent, Film Code 1-17 and 1-18) 9-A Film Casting for Drug-Resorbable Film

0.5 g PLCL resin and 160 mg of minocycline (film code 1-1; rifampicin for film code 1-2) were dissolved in 10 mL acetone/ethanol solvent mixture of the ratio of 5:5 v/v. The mixture was mixed evenly for more than 4 hours. After the mixing, the solution was homogeneous and 5 mL of the solution was then poured onto a glass plate and drawn by a film applicator to form a film upon drying. The film was removed from the glass plate after the film was completely dry, following evaporation of the solvent.

Example 10 (Mixed Drug)

The film was prepared by following the protocol in Example 3. The middle layer was prepared by using a drug mixture of 120 mg minocycline and 160 mg rifampin. The two intermittent layers were prepared by spray coating of minocycline by following Example 2-B. The outer two layers were prepared by following Example 1-B. The stack of 5 layers of films were aligned properly and compressed by a heat compressor at 60° C., 6 MPa for 50 seconds. The cumulative releasing profiles of two antibiotics are shown in FIG. 6.

Example 11

FIG. 5 shows the cumulative release of two antibiotics from different layered film designs and single films prepared in Examples 1 to 9 (film codes 1-1 to 1-18). The drug density of both antibiotics is between 0.05 mg to 0.1 mg/cm². As shown in FIG. 5, for single drug film, the absence of releasing agent results in a film with very slow release, while the presence of releasing agent gives a high initial burst with a fast releasing profile. Because minocycline is more hydrophilic than rifampin, minocycline releases much faster. For the layered film designs, the release profile and initial burst rate of rifampin and minocycline are tuned and well-controlled through the different designs.

This result shows that by knowing the releasing behaviour of each drug in the different designs, the releasing profile of a drug mixture can be tuned to provide a desired releasing profile. This can be clearly seen from FIG. 6, which shows a significant improvement from literature data where rifampin always has a lower initial burst and slower releasing profile than the other hydrophilic counterpart (in this case minocycline).

Example 12

The zone-of-inhibition (ZOI) for the film was determined according to the Kirby-Bauer method. The study chose to test Escherisia Coli (E. coli) and S. aureus, S. epidermidisas demonstration. E. coli has the highest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) among the other bacteria that are commonly found in humans. The MIC of E. coli is 20 times higher than S. aureus, S. epidermidis, MRSA, S. capitis etc.

E. coli were inoculated into Lysogeny broth (LB broth) from a stock solution and incubated at 37° C. and then evenly spread over the entirety of an agar plate by a disposable spreader. A 15 mm diameter film was firmly pressed into the center of an agar plate and incubated at 37° C. Pieces were transferred to other fresh agar plates using sterile forceps every 24 hr. The diameter of the ZOI was measured and recorded every day.

TABLE 2 ZOI of layer-by-layer composite film with minocycline and rifampicin. E. Coli S. epidermidis S. aureus Day 1/mm 30.0 47.3 37.3 Day 2/mm 25.8 41.0 37.0 Day 3/mm 23.8 39.0 36.3 Day 4/mm 21.5 42.0 33.3 Day 5/mm 18.3 34.0 31.3 Day 6/mm 16.4 34.0 27.5 Day 7/mm 15.8 33.8 26.8 Day 8/mm No Zone 32.4 26.3 Day 9/mm 31.0 26.8 Day 10/mm 29.9 25.8 Day 11/mm 28.7 25.0 Day 12/mm 26.5 24.5 Day 13/mm 25.0 21.0 Day 14/mm 23.9 20.3

Example 13

The elasticity and fit of the socket was tested using different socket sizes and CIED sizes. A good fit is when the CIED could be easily inserted into the socket, and does not fall out when overturned and held by the socket.

Socket CIED Size* Stretch Width Seal to Seal Width Width Depth for Insertion length after (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) Insertion Fit 50 43 8 80 51 Yes 50 48 7.5 80 55.5 Yes 50 53 7.5 85 60.5 Yes 50 58 7.5 85 65.5 Yes 60 51 15 85 66 Yes 60 60 15 90 75 Yes 60 75 9.9 90 84.9 Yes *A CIED size is an addition of the width and depth, taking into consideration the volume of space it occupies. As such, the width of the socket is smaller than the size of the CIED (width and depth). 

1. A controlled-release antibiotic socket for securely holding an implantable medical device, comprising: at least one film made from at least one polymer layer, where the at least one film is formed into the socket; at least one antibiotic agent; and at least one opening in the socket, wherein the at least one polymer layer comprises a biodegradable elastomeric polymeric material; and the at least one antibiotic agent is dispersed within at least one of the at least one polymer layers and/or, when the film comprises at least two polymer layers, the at least one antibiotic agent is disposed as a separate layer between two polymer layers.
 2. The socket according to claim 1, wherein the socket is in the form of a pocket with at least one opening or a sleeve with at least two openings.
 3. A controlled-release antibiotic film made from at least one polymer layer for securely holding an implantable medical device, the film comprising: at least one polymer layer that is made from a biodegradable elastomeric polymeric material; and at least one antibiotic agent is dispersed within at least one of the at least one polymer layers and/or, when the film comprises at least two polymer layers, the at least one antibiotic agent is disposed as a separate layer between two polymer layers.
 4. The socket according to claim 1, wherein the film is made from at least two polymer layers, optionally wherein the film has from two to nine polymer layers, such as from three to seven polymer layers.
 5. The socket according to claim 1, wherein the socket or film applies a resilient force onto an object inserted into the socket.
 6. The socket according to claim 1, wherein the socket or film can resiliently engage a device inserted into a socket formed from the film after stretching or can stretch from its original size to an expanded size and return to its original size or to a size no greater than the expanded size minus (80% of the difference between expanded size and original size), optionally wherein the socket or film can stretch from its original size to an expanded size and return to its original size or to a size no greater than the expanded size minus (90% of the difference between expanded size and original size).
 7. The socket according to claim 1, wherein the elastomeric polymeric material of the at least one polymer layer is a polymer selected from one or more of the group consisting of poly(DL-lactide-co-caprolactone) (DL-PLCL), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyglycolide (PGA), poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA), poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC), polydioxanone (PDO), poly(4-hydroxy butyrate) (PHB), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), poly(phosphazene), poly(phosphate ester), poly(amino acid), polydepsipeptides, poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC), polyethylene oxide, polypropylene fumarate, polyiminocarbonates, poly(lactide-co-caprolactone) (PLCL), poly(glycolide-co-caprolactone) (PGCL) copolymer, poly(D,L-lactic acid), polyglycolic acid, poly(L-lactide-co-D,L-lactide), poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide), poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide), poly(gycolide-trimethylene carbonate), poly(ethyl glutamate-co-glutamic acid), poly (tert-butyloxy-carbonylmethyl glutamate), poly(glycerol sebacate), tyrosine-derived polycarbonate, poly 1,3-bis-(p-carboxyphenoxy) hexane-co-sebacic acid, polyphosphazene, ethyl glycinate polyphosphazene, polycaprolactone-co-butylacrylate, a copolymer of polyhydroxybutyrate, a copolymer of maleic anhydride, a copolymer of poly(trimethylene carbonate), polyethylene glycol, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and cellulose derivatives, polysaccharides, such as hyaluronic acid, chitosan, starch, proteins such as gelatin, collagen or PEG derivatives. 8-11. (canceled)
 12. The socket according to claim 7, wherein: a) the bioresorbable elastomeric polymeric material of one of the at least one polymer layers is poly(lactide-co-caprolactone) (PLCL) (e.g. having a PLA to PCL ratio of from 90:10 to 60:40) or its derivatives and copolymers thereof; and/or b) the bioresorbable elastomeric polymeric material of one of the at least one polymer layers is poly(DL-lactide-co-caprolactone) (DL-PLCL) (e.g. having a DL-PLA to PCL ratio of from 90:10 to 50:50) or its derivatives and copolymers thereof; and/or c) the bioresorbable elastomeric polymeric material of one of the at least one polymer layers is poly(glycolide-co-caprolactone) (PGCL) (e.g. having a PGA to PCL ratio of from 90:10 to 10:90) or its derivatives and copolymers thereof; and/or d) the bioresorbable elastomeric polymeric material of one of the at least one polymer layers is a blend of PLCL or DL-PLCL or PGCL with a releasing agent selected from one or more of the group selected from polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, or polyethyleneglycol having a molecular weight of 200 to 2000 Daltons in a wt:wt ratio of PLCL or DL-PLCL or PGCL to releasing agent of from 25:1 to 1:9. 13-18. (canceled)
 19. The socket according to claim 1, wherein the total thickness of the film is from 1 μm to 2000 μm (e.g. from 10 μm to 500 μm, such as from 40 μm to 300 μm).
 20. (canceled)
 21. The socket according to claim 1, wherein the at least one antibiotic agent is an antiseptic, a disinfectant, or, more particularly, an antimicrobial agent or an antifungal agent. 22-28. (canceled)
 29. The socket according to claim 1, wherein the at least one antibiotic agent is released from the antibiotic film over a period of from 1 to 30 days following implantation. 30-31. (canceled)
 32. The socket according to claim 1, wherein: (a) the film is a single polymer layer that contains at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein; or (b) the film is a single polymer layer that comprises a polymeric material and a releasing agent that contains at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein; or (c) the film has three polymer layers, such that there is a top, middle and bottom layer, where the middle layer consists only of polymeric material, and the top and bottom layers each contain at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein; or (d) the film has three polymer layers, such that there is a top, middle and bottom layer, where the middle layer consists only of polymeric material, and the top and bottom polymer layers each comprise a polymeric material and a releasing agent that further contains at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein; or (e) the film has five layers, such that there is a top, top-intermediate, middle, bottom-intermediate and bottom layer, where the middle layer consists only of polymeric material, the top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate layers contain at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, and the top and bottom polymer layers contain at least one further antibiotic (e.g. the at least one further antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, optionally wherein, when the top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate layers contain rifampicin and the top and bottom layers contain minocycline dispersed therein or vice versa; or (f) the film has five layers, comprising a central polymer layer, and two outer polymers layers that contain at least one antibiotic dispersed therein (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin), with an antibiotic layer (e.g. the antibiotic layers comprise minocycline and/or rifampicin) sandwiched between the central layer and each of the outer polymer layers; or (g) the film has five layers, such that there is a top, top-intermediate, middle, bottom-intermediate and bottom layer, where the middle layer consists only of polymeric material, the top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate polymer layers each comprise a polymeric material and a releasing agent that further contains at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, and the top and bottom polymer layers each comprise a polymeric material and a releasing agent that contains at least one further antibiotic (e.g. the at least one further antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, optionally wherein, when the top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate polymer layers contain rifampicin and the top and bottom polymer layers contain minocycline dispersed therein or vice versa; or (h) the film has seven layers, such that there is a top, top-intermediate, top-middle-intermediate, middle, bottom-middle-intermediate, bottom-intermediate and bottom polymer layer, where the middle layer consists only of polymeric material, the top-middle-intermediate and bottom-middle-intermediate polymer layers each comprise a polymeric material that contains at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, the top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate polymer layers each comprise a polymeric material and a releasing agent, and the top and bottom polymer layers each further contain at least one further antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, optionally wherein, when the top-middle-intermediate and bottom-middle-intermediate polymer layers contain rifampicin, the top and bottom polymer layers contain minocycline dispersed therein or vice versa; or (i) the film has seven layers, such that there is a top, top-intermediate, top-middle-intermediate, middle, bottom-middle-intermediate, bottom-intermediate and bottom polymer layer, where the middle layer consists only of polymeric material, the top-middle-intermediate and bottom-middle-intermediate layers consist of at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin), the top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate layers comprise a polymeric material and a releasing agent, and the top and bottom layers each comprise a polymeric material and at least one further antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, optionally wherein, when the top-middle-intermediate and bottom-middle-intermediate polymer layers contain rifampicin, the top and bottom polymer layers contain minocycline dispersed therein or vice versa; or (j) the film has seven layers, such that there is a top, top-intermediate, top-middle-intermediate, middle, bottom-middle-intermediate, bottom-intermediate and bottom polymer layer, where the middle layer consists only of polymeric material, the top-middle-intermediate and bottom-middle-intermediate polymer layers each comprise a polymeric material that contains at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, the top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate polymer layers each comprise a polymeric material and a releasing agent, and the top and bottom polymer layers each comprise a polymeric material and a releasing agent and each further contain at least one further antibiotic (e.g. the at least one further antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, optionally wherein, when the top-middle-intermediate and bottom-middle-intermediate polymer layers contain rifampicin, the top and bottom polymer layers contain minocycline dispersed therein or vice versa; or (k) the film has seven layers, such that there is a top, top-intermediate, top-middle-intermediate, middle, bottom-middle-intermediate, bottom-intermediate and bottom polymer layer, where the middle, top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate polymer layers consists only of polymeric material, the top-middle-intermediate and bottom-middle-intermediate polymer layers each comprise a polymeric material that contains at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, and the top and bottom polymer layers each contain at least one further antibiotic (e.g. the at least one further antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, optionally wherein, when the top-middle-intermediate and bottom-middle-intermediate polymer layers contain rifampicin, the top and bottom polymer layers contain minocycline dispersed therein or vice versa; or (l) the film has seven layers, with the middle layer being a biodegradable elastic polymer layer, the layers immediately on top and bottom of the middle layer containing at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin), the layers on top of the antibiotic layers are polymer layers, and the outer layers are each comprise a polymeric material and a further antibiotic (e.g. the further antibiotic is minocycline or rifampicin, provided that when the at least one antibiotic of the intermediate layer is minocycline, the further antibiotic of the outer layers is rifampicin and vice versa); or (m) the film has seven layers, such that there is a top, top-intermediate, top-middle-intermediate, middle, bottom-middle-intermediate, bottom-intermediate and bottom polymer layer, where the middle, top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate polymer layers consists only of polymeric material, the top-middle-intermediate and bottom-middle-intermediate polymer layers each comprise a polymeric material that contains at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, and the top and bottom polymer layers each comprise a polymeric material and a releasing agent and each contain at least one further antibiotic (e.g. the at least one further antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, optionally wherein, when the top-middle-intermediate and bottom-middle-intermediate polymer layers contain rifampicin, the top and bottom polymer layers contain minocycline dispersed therein or vice versa; or (n) the film has three polymer layers, where the middle polymer layer contains at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein; or (o) the film has three polymer layers, where the middle polymer layer contains at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, and the top and bottom layers contain at least one further antibiotic (e.g. the at least one further antibiotic is minocycline or rifampicin; optionally wherein, when the at least one antibiotic of the middle layer is minocycline, the at least one further antibiotic of the outer layers is rifampicin and vice versa) dispersed therein; or (p) the film has three polymer layers, where the middle polymer layer comprises a polymeric material and a releasing agent that contains at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, and the top and bottom layers each comprise a polymeric material and a releasing agent that contains at least one further antibiotic dispersed therein (e.g. the at least one further antibiotic is minocycline or rifampicin; optionally wherein, when the at least one antibiotic of the middle layer is minocycline, the at least one further antibiotic of the outer layers is rifampicin and vice versa); or (q) the film has five polymer layers, such that there is a top, top-intermediate, middle, bottom-intermediate and bottom layer, where the middle layer contains at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline or rifampicin) dispersed therein, and the top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate polymer layers contain at least one further antibiotic dispersed therein (e.g. the at least one further antibiotic is minocycline or rifampicin, optionally wherein that when the at least one antibiotic of the middle layer is minocycline, the at least one further antibiotic of the top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate layers is rifampicin and vice versa); or (r) the film has five polymer layers, such that there is a top, top-intermediate, middle, bottom-intermediate and bottom layer, where the middle layer contains at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline or rifampicin) dispersed therein, and the top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate polymer layers contain at least one further antibiotic dispersed therein (e.g. the at least one further antibiotic is minocycline or rifampicin, provided that when the at least one antibiotic of the middle layer is minocycline, the at least one further antibiotic of the top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate layers is rifampicin and vice versa), and the top and bottom layers each comprise a polymeric material and a releasing agent; or (s) the film has five polymer layers, such that there is a top, top-intermediate, middle, bottom-intermediate and bottom layer, where the top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate polymer layers contain at least one antibiotic ((e.g. the further antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin); or (t) the film has four polymer layers, where the middle two polymer layers containing at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin); or (u) the film has four polymer layers, where the middle two polymer layers containing at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, and the two outermost layers comprise a polymeric material and a releasing agent; or (v) the film has two polymer layers, where the two polymer layers each contain at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin); or (w) the film has two polymer layers, where one of the polymers layers further comprises at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) and the other polymer layer further comprises at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) and a releasing agent, optionally the antibiotic in the layer also containing the releasing agent is minocycline and the other layer contains rifampicin or vice versa; or (x) the film has five layers, such that there is a top, top-intermediate, middle, bottom-intermediate and bottom layer, where the middle layer consists only of polymeric material, the top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate polymer layers each comprise a polymeric material and at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, and the top and bottom polymer layers each comprise a polymeric material, a releasing agent and at least one further antibiotic (e.g. the at least one further antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, optionally wherein, when the top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate polymer layers contain rifampicin the top and bottom polymer layers contain minocycline dispersed therein or vice versa; or (y) the film has four layers, such that there is a top, top-middle, bottom-middle and bottom layer, where the top layer comprises a polymeric material, a releasing agent and at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one further antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin), the top-middle layer consists of at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one further antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin), the bottom-middle layer comprises a polymeric material and at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one further antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin), and the bottom layer consists only of polymeric material. 33-34. (canceled)
 35. The socket according to claim 1, wherein the implantable medical device is a cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED). 36-37. (canceled)
 38. A method of treatment comprising the step of placing at least part of an implantable medical device into a socket according claim 1 to provide a coated implantable medical device and placing the coated implanted medical device into a subject to treat or prevent infection and associated diseases and disorders arising from said implantation.
 39. An implantable medical device comprising an implantable medical device and a socket according to claim 1, wherein the socket covers a part or the whole of the medical device and is suitable for reducing or preventing migration of the medical device within the body following implantation.
 40. (canceled)
 41. A process for making a socket according to claim 1, wherein when the socket is made from a film having two or more polymer layers or the film has two or more polymer layers, the film is prepared by the use of one or more of heat-melting, heat-compression, spray coating, dip coating, chemical grafting, electrostatic adsorption, chemical crosslinking to join the polymer layers together.
 42. The film according to claim 3, wherein the film is made from at least two polymer layers, optionally wherein the film has from two to nine polymer layers, such as from three to seven polymer layers.
 43. The film according to claim 3 wherein the film applies a resilient force onto an object inserted into the socket or the film can resiliently engage a device inserted into a socket formed from the film after stretching or can stretch from its original size to an expanded size and return to its original size or to a size no greater than the expanded size minus (80% of the difference between expanded size and original size), optionally wherein the socket or film can stretch from its original size to an expanded size and return to its original size or to a size no greater than the expanded size minus (90% of the difference between expanded size and original size).
 44. The film according to claim 3, wherein the elastomeric polymeric material of the at least one polymer layer is a polymer selected from one or more of the group consisting of poly(DL-lactide-co-caprolactone) (DL-PLCL), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyglycolide (PGA), poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA), poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC), polydioxanone (PDO), poly(4-hydroxy butyrate) (PHB), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), poly(phosphazene), poly(phosphate ester), poly(amino acid), polydepsipeptides, poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC), polyethylene oxide, polypropylene fumarate, polyiminocarbonates, poly(lactide-co-caprolactone) (PLCL), poly(glycolide-co-caprolactone) (PGCL) copolymer, poly(D,L-lactic acid), polyglycolic acid, poly(L-lactide-co-D,L-lactide), poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide), poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide), poly(gycolide-trimethylene carbonate), poly(ethyl glutamate-co-glutamic acid), poly (tert-butyloxy-carbonylmethyl glutamate), poly(glycerol sebacate), tyrosine-derived polycarbonate, poly 1,3-bis-(p-carboxyphenoxy) hexane-co-sebacic acid, polyphosphazene, ethyl glycinate polyphosphazene, polycaprolactone-co-butylacrylate, a copolymer of polyhydroxybutyrate, a copolymer of maleic anhydride, a copolymer of poly(trimethylene carbonate), polyethylene glycol, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and cellulose derivatives, polysaccharides, such as hyaluronic acid, chitosan, starch, proteins such as gelatin, collagen or PEG derivatives.
 45. The film according to claim 3, wherein: (a) the film is a single polymer layer that contains at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein; or (b) the film is a single polymer layer that comprises a polymeric material and a releasing agent that contains at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein; or (c) the film has three polymer layers, such that there is a top, middle and bottom layer, where the middle layer consists only of polymeric material, and the top and bottom layers each contain at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein; or (d) the film has three polymer layers, such that there is a top, middle and bottom layer, where the middle layer consists only of polymeric material, and the top and bottom polymer layers each comprise a polymeric material and a releasing agent that further contains at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein; or (e) the film has five layers, such that there is a top, top-intermediate, middle, bottom-intermediate and bottom layer, where the middle layer consists only of polymeric material, the top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate layers contain at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, and the top and bottom polymer layers contain at least one further antibiotic (e.g. the at least one further antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, optionally wherein, when the top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate layers contain rifampicin and the top and bottom layers contain minocycline dispersed therein or vice versa; or (f) the film has five layers, comprising a central polymer layer, and two outer polymers layers that contain at least one antibiotic dispersed therein (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin), with an antibiotic layer (e.g. the antibiotic layers comprise minocycline and/or rifampicin) sandwiched between the central layer and each of the outer polymer layers; or (g) the film has five layers, such that there is a top, top-intermediate, middle, bottom-intermediate and bottom layer, where the middle layer consists only of polymeric material, the top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate polymer layers each comprise a polymeric material and a releasing agent that further contains at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, and the top and bottom polymer layers each comprise a polymeric material and a releasing agent that contains at least one further antibiotic (e.g. the at least one further antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, optionally wherein, when the top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate polymer layers contain rifampicin and the top and bottom polymer layers contain minocycline dispersed therein or vice versa; or (h) the film has seven layers, such that there is a top, top-intermediate, top-middle-intermediate, middle, bottom-middle-intermediate, bottom-intermediate and bottom polymer layer, where the middle layer consists only of polymeric material, the top-middle-intermediate and bottom-middle-intermediate polymer layers each comprise a polymeric material that contains at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, the top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate polymer layers each comprise a polymeric material and a releasing agent, and the top and bottom polymer layers each further contain at least one further antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, optionally wherein, when the top-middle-intermediate and bottom-middle-intermediate polymer layers contain rifampicin, the top and bottom polymer layers contain minocycline dispersed therein or vice versa; or (i) the film has seven layers, such that there is a top, top-intermediate, top-middle-intermediate, middle, bottom-middle-intermediate, bottom-intermediate and bottom polymer layer, where the middle layer consists only of polymeric material, the top-middle-intermediate and bottom-middle-intermediate layers consist of at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin), the top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate layers comprise a polymeric material and a releasing agent, and the top and bottom layers each comprise a polymeric material and at least one further antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, optionally wherein, when the top-middle-intermediate and bottom-middle-intermediate polymer layers contain rifampicin, the top and bottom polymer layers contain minocycline dispersed therein or vice versa; or (j) the film has seven layers, such that there is a top, top-intermediate, top-middle-intermediate, middle, bottom-middle-intermediate, bottom-intermediate and bottom polymer layer, where the middle layer consists only of polymeric material, the top-middle-intermediate and bottom-middle-intermediate polymer layers each comprise a polymeric material that contains at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, the top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate polymer layers each comprise a polymeric material and a releasing agent, and the top and bottom polymer layers each comprise a polymeric material and a releasing agent and each further contain at least one further antibiotic (e.g. the at least one further antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, optionally wherein, when the top-middle-intermediate and bottom-middle-intermediate polymer layers contain rifampicin, the top and bottom polymer layers contain minocycline dispersed therein or vice versa; or (k) the film has seven layers, such that there is a top, top-intermediate, top-middle-intermediate, middle, bottom-middle-intermediate, bottom-intermediate and bottom polymer layer, where the middle, top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate polymer layers consists only of polymeric material, the top-middle-intermediate and bottom-middle-intermediate polymer layers each comprise a polymeric material that contains at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, and the top and bottom polymer layers each contain at least one further antibiotic (e.g. the at least one further antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, optionally wherein, when the top-middle-intermediate and bottom-middle-intermediate polymer layers contain rifampicin, the top and bottom polymer layers contain minocycline dispersed therein or vice versa; or (l) the film has seven layers, with the middle layer being a biodegradable elastic polymer layer, the layers immediately on top and bottom of the middle layer containing at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin), the layers on top of the antibiotic layers are polymer layers, and the outer layers are each comprise a polymeric material and a further antibiotic (e.g. the further antibiotic is minocycline or rifampicin, provided that when the at least one antibiotic of the intermediate layer is minocycline, the further antibiotic of the outer layers is rifampicin and vice versa); or (m) the film has seven layers, such that there is a top, top-intermediate, top-middle-intermediate, middle, bottom-middle-intermediate, bottom-intermediate and bottom polymer layer, where the middle, top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate polymer layers consists only of polymeric material, the top-middle-intermediate and bottom-middle-intermediate polymer layers each comprise a polymeric material that contains at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, and the top and bottom polymer layers each comprise a polymeric material and a releasing agent and each contain at least one further antibiotic (e.g. the at least one further antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, optionally wherein, when the top-middle-intermediate and bottom-middle-intermediate polymer layers contain rifampicin, the top and bottom polymer layers contain minocycline dispersed therein or vice versa; or (n) the film has three polymer layers, where the middle polymer layer contains at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein; or (o) the film has three polymer layers, where the middle polymer layer contains at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, and the top and bottom layers contain at least one further antibiotic (e.g. the at least one further antibiotic is minocycline or rifampicin; optionally wherein, when the at least one antibiotic of the middle layer is minocycline, the at least one further antibiotic of the outer layers is rifampicin and vice versa) dispersed therein; or (p) the film has three polymer layers, where the middle polymer layer comprises a polymeric material and a releasing agent that contains at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, and the top and bottom layers each comprise a polymeric material and a releasing agent that contains at least one further antibiotic dispersed therein (e.g. the at least one further antibiotic is minocycline or rifampicin; optionally wherein, when the at least one antibiotic of the middle layer is minocycline, the at least one further antibiotic of the outer layers is rifampicin and vice versa); or (q) the film has five polymer layers, such that there is a top, top-intermediate, middle, bottom-intermediate and bottom layer, where the middle layer contains at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline or rifampicin) dispersed therein, and the top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate polymer layers contain at least one further antibiotic dispersed therein (e.g. the at least one further antibiotic is minocycline or rifampicin, optionally wherein that when the at least one antibiotic of the middle layer is minocycline, the at least one further antibiotic of the top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate layers is rifampicin and vice versa); or (r) the film has five polymer layers, such that there is a top, top-intermediate, middle, bottom-intermediate and bottom layer, where the middle layer contains at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline or rifampicin) dispersed therein, and the top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate polymer layers contain at least one further antibiotic dispersed therein (e.g. the at least one further antibiotic is minocycline or rifampicin, provided that when the at least one antibiotic of the middle layer is minocycline, the at least one further antibiotic of the top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate layers is rifampicin and vice versa), and the top and bottom layers each comprise a polymeric material and a releasing agent; or (s) the film has five polymer layers, such that there is a top, top-intermediate, middle, bottom-intermediate and bottom layer, where the top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate polymer layers contain at least one antibiotic ((e.g. the further antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin); or (t) the film has four polymer layers, where the middle two polymer layers containing at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin); or (u) the film has four polymer layers, where the middle two polymer layers containing at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, and the two outermost layers comprise a polymeric material and a releasing agent; or (v) the film has two polymer layers, where the two polymer layers each contain at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin); or (w) the film has two polymer layers, where one of the polymers layers further comprises at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) and the other polymer layer further comprises at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) and a releasing agent, optionally the antibiotic in the layer also containing the releasing agent is minocycline and the other layer contains rifampicin or vice versa; or (x) the film has five layers, such that there is a top, top-intermediate, middle, bottom-intermediate and bottom layer, where the middle layer consists only of polymeric material, the top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate polymer layers each comprise a polymeric material and at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, and the top and bottom polymer layers each comprise a polymeric material, a releasing agent and at least one further antibiotic (e.g. the at least one further antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin) dispersed therein, optionally wherein, when the top-intermediate and bottom-intermediate polymer layers contain rifampicin the top and bottom polymer layers contain minocycline dispersed therein or vice versa; or (y) the film has four layers, such that there is a top, top-middle, bottom-middle and bottom layer, where the top layer comprises a polymeric material, a releasing agent and at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one further antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin), the top-middle layer consists of at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one further antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin), the bottom-middle layer comprises a polymeric material and at least one antibiotic (e.g. the at least one further antibiotic is minocycline and/or rifampicin), and the bottom layer consists only of polymeric material. 